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Sem 3: Path 1 > Neoplasia 1+2 - Bolfa > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1+2 - Bolfa Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is another term for benign

A

Indolent

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2
Q

_______ is another term for malignant

A

Aggressive

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3
Q

Most growths ending in “oma” are _______

A

Benign / Indolent

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4
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer? (6)

A
  1. Growth suppressors evaded
  2. Invasion and metastasis
  3. Angiogenesis induced
  4. Cell death resisted
  5. Replication enabled
  6. Proliferative signaling sustained
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5
Q

________ is a worrysome term which is the step before neoplasia

A

Dysplasia

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6
Q

Most growths ending in “oma” are benign. What are the exceptions?

A
  1. Lymphoma
  2. Melanoma
  3. Mesothelioma
  4. Seminoma

always malignant

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7
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

disorganized but benign masses composed of cells indigenous (same cells) to the involved tissue

many involves blood vessels

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8
Q

Normal adrenal gland tissue on the surface of the liver is an example of ___________

A

Choristoma

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9
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

heterotropic rest of cells

Ex: normal adrenal gland tissue on surface of liver

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10
Q

Neoplasms consist of?

A
  1. Neoplastic squamous epithelial cells / Parenchymal cells
  2. Vascular fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels / Stroma - support
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11
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Loss of cellular differentiation

  • often indicates irreversible progression to neoplasia
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12
Q

Examples of benign epithelial tumors?

A
  1. Adenoma
  2. Papilloma
  3. Polyp
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13
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

benign tumor arising from glandular epithelium or tumor that exhibits tubular pattern microscopically

Ex: mammary gland adenoma

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14
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

benign, usually exophytic (growing outward) growth arising from cutaneous or mucocutaneous surface

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15
Q

What is a polyp?

A

Grossly visible, benign epithelial tumor projecting from mucosal surface (Ex: SI)

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16
Q

What pathological process is neoplasia?

A

Disorders of growth

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17
Q

What properties are exhibited by cancer?

A
  1. Invasion
  2. Metastasis
  3. Anaplasia
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18
Q

True or False: neoplasms are reversible

A

FALSE

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19
Q

True or False: Neoplasms can be benign or malignant

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Which neoplasms have the ability to regress despite being irreversible?

A
  1. Histiocytoma
  2. Papillomas
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21
Q

________ is an example of a choristoma

A

Dermoid

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22
Q

If a lesion has uncontrolled growth, the term _________ is used

A

Neoplasia

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23
Q

Epithelial tumors under histology?

A

Tightly packed cell junctions, little intercellular matrix

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24
Q

Mesenchymal tumors under histology?

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • scant cytoplasm
  • lots of intercellular matrix
  • in streams and bundles
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25
Q

Which of the following tumor types can be derived from the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm?

A

Epithelial tumors / carcinomas

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26
Q

Benign tumor derived from fibroblasts are called __________

A

Fibroma

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27
Q

Malignant tumor derived from fibroblasts is called _______

A

Fibrosarcoma

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28
Q

Benign tumor derived from vascular endothelium is called __________

A

Hermangioma

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29
Q

Malignant tumor derived from vascular endothelium is called __________

A

Hermangiosarcoma

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30
Q

Hermangiosarcomas are common in which organs?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Spleen
  3. Right atrium of the heart
  4. Skin
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31
Q

A benign growth derived from the perianal gland is called ________

A

Perianal gland adenoma

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32
Q

A malignant growth derived from the perianal gland is called ________

A

perianal gland carcinoma

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33
Q

How do you call a carcinoma with distinct glandular growth patterns, as indicated by the presence of tubules or acini?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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34
Q

A horse with a benign growth on the mandible, derived from osteoblasts is called ___________

A

Osteoma

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35
Q

A horse with a malignant growth on the mandible, derived from osteoblasts is called ___________

A

Osteosarcoma

36
Q

A benign growth on the oral mucosa, derived from keratinocytes is called _________

A

Papilloma

37
Q

A malignant growth on the oral mucosa, derived from keratinocytes is called ____________

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

38
Q

Malignant growths in lymph nodes can be called ____________

A

lymphoma / lymphosarcoma

always malignant

39
Q

Tumors cells derived from more than 1 cell lineage is called _________

A

Teratoma

40
Q

Teratomas are usually __________ (benign/malignant)

A

Benign

41
Q

Where do teratomas generally occur?

A

Ovary, gonads

42
Q

An ovarian tumor containing skin, bone, and neural tissue can be called a ____________

A

Teratoma

43
Q

_________ is a tumor that arises from neoplastic cells of the bone marrow and circulates in the blood

A

Leukemia

44
Q

__________ are malignant tumors of plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

45
Q

What is a multiple myeloma?

A

Malignant tumor of plasma cells

46
Q

A benign tumor arising from melanocytes is called ___________

A

Melanocytoma

47
Q

Malignant tumor arising from melanocytes is called ___________

A

Melanoma

always malignant

48
Q

A poorly demarcated and highly infiltrative mass that extends into the dermis is describing a ___________ neoplasm

A

Malignant

49
Q

70-80% of _______ tumors in cats are malignant

A

Mammary tumors - mammary adenocarcinoma

50
Q

What is used to establish prognosis and determine treatment of neoplasms?

A

Tumor grade - degree of differentiation

Stage - extend of spread

51
Q

What features of anaplasia are observed in malignant neoplasms?

A
  1. Pleomorphism
  2. Anisokaryosis / anisocytosis
  3. Nuclear hyperchromasia
  4. High N:C ratio
  5. Multiple prominant nuclei
  6. Abnormal mitotic figures
52
Q

True or False: Malignant neoplasms are always more life threatening than benign tumors

A

FALSE - depends on location

Benign tumor in the brain can be bad too

53
Q

When is the earliest a tumor can be clinically detected?

A

after 30 doublings - usually 1cm in diameter

54
Q

How do initiated cells expand to form preneoplastic lesions or benign tumors?

A

Presence of a nonmutagenic, reversible promotor

55
Q

What phases of mitosis can be observed histologically?

A

Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase

56
Q

What steps are involved in neoplastic transformation?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Progression
57
Q

__________ is the gradual development of features of malignancy due to the combination of genetic and epigenetic changes

A

Progression

58
Q

A malignant neoplasm derived from lipocytes is called _________

A

Liposarcoma

59
Q

__________ is a gross lesion that indicates rapid growth

A

Umbilicated (depressed center)

*looks like a donut

60
Q

What is a “Scirrhous response”?

A

Desmoplasia

  • largeeee amount of fibrous CT in response to epithelial neoplasms / carcinomas
61
Q

_________ is a hallmark of neoplasia

A

Unlimited proliferation

62
Q

Neoplasms usually have mutations that result in:

A
  1. Defective DNA repair
  2. Self-sufficient growth signals
  3. Insensitivity to growth inhibition
  4. Evasion of apoptosis
63
Q

How do cancer cells acquire resistance to apoptosis?

A
  • Inactivates p53 gene
  • Overexpression of Bcl-2 reduces apoptosis
64
Q

How do cancer cells escape senescence and their death?

A

Reexpression of telomerase

65
Q

What mutation is present in 20% of mast cell tumors?

A

Mutation of ckit from proto-oncogene to oncogene

allows for uncontrolled, always active receptor

66
Q

Why is the risk of cancer in elephants lower than other animals?

A

They have multiple p53 genes

67
Q

Splenic hermangiosarcomas can metastasize to the ________

A

Lungs

Ex: pulmonary metastatic hermangiosarcoma

68
Q

_______ is a prerequisite for metastasis

A

Invasion

69
Q

What must be overcome for invasion to occur?

A
  1. Loss of contact inhibition
  2. Loosening of cell junctions via decreased cadherins
  3. Penetration of BM and ECM via collagenases and matrix metalloproteinases
  4. Migration stimulated by growth factors
70
Q

What is responsible for loosening of intercellular junctions?

A

Decreased expression of cadherins

71
Q

What is responsible for penetration of the BM and ECM?

A

Increased collagenase and matrix metalloproteinases

72
Q

Expression of _______ is a mesenchymal cell marker

A

Vimentin

73
Q

Many tumors enter circulation but only a few will result in metastasis. Why?

A

Most die from:

  1. Turbulence
  2. O2 toxicity
  3. Unfavorable nutrient environment
  4. Lack of growth factors
74
Q

_______ is responsible for most cancer mortality

A

Metastasis

75
Q

Other than providing support, what is stroma important for?

A

Stimulating angiogenesis to support tumor growth

76
Q

What angiogenic factor is released by tumor cells to support growth?

A

VEGF

77
Q

What tumor type usually goes through hematogenous spread?

A

Sarcomas

involves invasion of veins rather than arteries

78
Q

What tumor type usually spreads via the lymphatics?

A

Carcinomas

79
Q

Which pathway of spread is often difficult to treat and generally fatal?

A

Transcoelomic

80
Q

What are 2 common organs/tissues that exhibit transcoelomic spread?

A

Mesotheliomas, ovarian adenocarcinomas

  • tissues arising on the surface of organs
81
Q

Pulmonary carcinomas in cats can metastasize to the _______

A

Digits

82
Q

Where does metastasis not usually occur?

A

Skeletal muscle

83
Q

Transmissible tumors?

A
  1. TVT in dogs
  2. Devil facial tumor in tasmanian devils
  3. Viral induced papillomas
84
Q

Which tumors are associated with allographs?

A
  1. TVT in dogs
  2. Devil facial tumor in tasmanian devils
85
Q

What is the most effective antitumor defense mechanism?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Sem 3: Path 1 (9 decks)

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