Neoplasia

Question 1

uncontrolled abnormal new growth of tissue

Answer 1

neoplasia

Question 2

neoplasm is synonymous with

Answer 2

tumor

Question 3

slow growing usually harmless non aggressive tumor

Answer 3

benign

Question 4

neoplasm able to invade and spread

Answer 4

malignant

Question 5

process of when cells are transformed into tumor cells

Answer 5

carcinogenesis

Question 6

physical agents that cause carcinogenesis

Answer 6

carcinogens

Question 7

cell is exposed to carcinogen and rapidly and irreversibly alters DNA

Answer 7

initiation

Question 8

initiated cells are not yet cancerous it requires further mutations and subsequent proliferation which happens during

Answer 8

promotion

Question 9

additional cellular mutations occur which lead to continued growth of the tumor and signs of clinical disease in the patient

Answer 9

progression

Question 10

well-defined fibrous tissue layer that surrounds some tumors

Answer 10

capsule

Question 11

capsules are formed by

Answer 11

pressure atrophy

Question 12

tumors can give themselves nutrients by

Answer 12

creating blood vessels to maintain growth and reprogram the stroma’s activity to its own advantage

Question 13

tumors are regulated by

Answer 13

host immune response, adequacy of blood supply, hormonal growth factor availability

Question 14

body is unable to “turn off” division of tumor cells

Answer 14

unregulated proliferation

Question 15

8 characteristics of cancer cells

Answer 15

• stimulate own growth
  -insensitive to inhibitory signs
  -evade their own cell death (apoptosis)
  -multiply indefinitely
  -grow blood vessels
  -invade local and distant tissue
  -follow abnormal metabolic pathways
  -evade body’s immune defenses

Question 16

normal cell structure

Answer 16

large cytoplasm, single nucleus, single nucleolus, fine chromatin

Question 17

cancer cell structure

Answer 17

small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei, large nucleoli, course chromatin

Question 18

process by which cancer cells spread from primary tumor to secondary locations such as lung, lymph nodes, or visceral sites

Answer 18

metastasis

Question 19

pathways of metastasis

Answer 19

lymphatic, hematogenous, transplantation, direct seeding

Question 20

benign tumors cannot spread BUT…

Answer 20

can impede on normal body functions ex. a tumor on the meninges can add pressure to brain and spinal cord

Question 21

tumors are composed on 2 types of tissue

Answer 21

parenchyma and stroma

Question 22

parenchyma

Answer 22

functional tissues of an organ, determines the behavior of a tumor, tumor is named based on this (-oma)

Question 23

stroma

Answer 23

composed of the surrounding structures of lymph, blood vessels and connective tissue, provides nutrients to the tumor by way of blood supply, without this the tumor would die

Question 24

arise from epithelial tissue (skin, mucous membranes, glandular organs)

Answer 24

carcinoma

Question 25

arise from mesenchymal tissue (cartilage, connective tissue, bone)

Answer 25

sarcoma

Question 26

-oma refers to

Answer 26

benign tumors

Question 27

-sarcoma and -carcinoma refer to

Answer 27

malignant

Question 28

many malignant tumors will form what

Answer 28

ulcers

Question 29

low-grade tumors

Answer 29

well-differentiated, few mitotic figures, minimal invasion of surrounding tissue

Question 30

high grade tumors

Answer 30

undifferentiated, numerous mitotic figures (rapid division), aggressive invasion of surrounding tissue

Question 31

tumor staging

Answer 31

location and type, size and borders, involvement of regional lymph nodes, metastasis

Question 32

TNM

Answer 32

extent of primary tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, extent of metastasis

Question 33

physical evidence of CNS tumor

Answer 33

seizures, altered mentation

Question 34

physical evidence of Bone tumor

Answer 34

limping, pain, pathologic fractures

Question 35

physical evidence of eye tumor

Answer 35

buphthalmia, discharge, blepharospasm, blindness

Question 36

physical evidence of urinary tumor

Answer 36

hematuria, stranguria, oliguria, anuria

Question 37

syndrome characterized by muscle wasting and weight loss caused by cancer

Answer 37

cachexia

Question 38

top 4 procedures to determine tumor stage

Answer 38

FNA, Bx, radiography, ultrasound

Question 39

treating neoplasia through surgery

Answer 39

for localized neoplasia, wide surgical resection, may be curative or only palliative

Question 40

treating neoplasia through radiation

Answer 40

causes cell death by destroying DNA, may be used alone or with other treatments, may be palliative or curative

Question 41

treating neoplasia through chemo

Answer 41

treating cancer with chemical agents (PO, IM, IV), causes cell death by injuring DNA or cell membrane

Question 42

complications of chemo

Answer 42

local tissue necrosis, hypersensitivity reactions, toxicities