neoplasia Flashcards
(21 cards)
what is metaplasia
reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type.
adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able
to withstand the adverse environment.
chronic irritation or inflammation
give 2 examples of metaplasia
Cigarettes – normal ciliated columnar
epithelial cells of trachea and bronchi
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial
cells
Barrett esophagus – metaplasia from squamous to columnar type the esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells under the influence of refluxed gastric acid.
Dysplasia is what
1) cells within epithelium exhibit what?
pre-malignant condition of cell proliferation.
1) increased epithelial proliferation. Atypical mitosis. nuclear hyperchromasia and stratification. irregularly clumped chromatin. increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. a failure of epithelial cells to mature as they migrate to the surface.
benign neoplasms
lack capacity to invade local tissues.
localised to their site of origin
well differentiated so it its similar to tissue of origin
discrete, palpable and mobile.
what are sarcomas
malignant tumours arising in mesenchymal tissue
carcinomas are
malignant neoplasmsof epithelial cell origin, derived from any of the 3 germ layers
Cancer
1) has the ability to
2) potential to spread to
3) differentiation?
4) surgery?
1) ability to invade and replace local normal tissue
2) potential to spread to distant sites- metasis
3) less differentiated
4) difficult to resect by surgery
Main differences between benign and malignant?
Beningn Vs Malignant
1) Small Vs Large
2) Well demarcated vs poorly
3) slow growing vs rapidly growing with hemorrhage and necrosis
4) noninbase vs invase
5) nonmetastatic vc metastatic
6) well differentiated vs poorly differentiated
what are anaplastic cells?
less differentiated
Morphology of anaplastic cells
Polymorphic - variation in size and shape.
Abnormalnuclearmorphology including darkly stained nuclei (hyperchromatic), large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. frequent mitosis and may also include atypical mitotic figures.
Loss of polarity observed as disorganised growth.
Ischemic necrosis due to insufficient blood supply due to rapid growth
geographic factors about cancer
environmental factors thought to be more significant contributors in most common sporadic cancer.
aetiology is what
cause of cancer
what are the non ionising and ionising environmental causes of cancer
non ionising
- UV light
- Skin cancer; melanoma
- Thymine dymers (DNA dmage)
Ionising
- electromagnetic such as x rays for leukemia.
DNA damage such as dna breks
Name where or type ofcancer for the following
1) HPV Papillo
2) EBV herpes
3) HHV8 Herpes
4) Hepatitis Adeno
1) Carcinoma
2) B cell lymphomas
3) Sarcoma
4) Carcinoma
Describe how HPV E6 effects apoptosis
Represses p53 which would normally go onto produce BAX which leads to apoptosis
How does HPVE7 affect growth arrest
Bloccks p53 which would go onto p21 which goes to cyclin D which goes onto RBE27 which goes onto growth arrest.
Can also directly repress p21 or Rb-E2f
immunodeficiency
1) HIV is what
1) kaposis sarcoma, lymphoma
histology/cytology for cancer
Excision or biopsy
the periphery may not be representative and the centre largely
necrotic
appropriate preservation of the specimen – fixative (commonly formalin solution)
Needle aspiration
aspirating cells and fluid with a small-bore needle, followed by cytologic examination of the stained smear
Cytologic smears (Papanicolau or Pap) widely used to screen for carcinoma of the cervix
2 types of genome wide profiling for molecular diagnosis
Microarrays - large scale analysis of gene expression using DNA microarray techno
RNA seq - massive parallel seq
overall 5 causes of cancer
geographic environmental - smoking, dietary, industrial, radiation oncogenic viruses - HPV and EBV Immunodeficiency - HIV chronic inflammation
what are the 5 methods for diagnosis
Symptoms and physical exam
Lab diagnostic tests
Histology/cytology
Tumour markers such as immunohistochemistry, biochemical assays andimagainG
molecular diagnosis such as PCR AND GENOME WIDE PROFILING
