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Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mechanism for an INITIATOR carcinogen? What is an example?

A

Directly cause DNA damage, usually an electrophilic molecule that strips electrons from DNA and promotes strand cross-linkage e.g nitroasmines

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2
Q

What is the mechanism for a PROMOTER carcinogen? What is an example?

A

Supports the proliferation of mutated cells such that larger numbers of mutated progeny have better chance of becoming neoplastic e,g oestrogen, progesterones, other hormones

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3
Q

What is the mechanism for a COMPLETE carcinogen? what is an example?

A

Can both initiate DNA damage and encourage growth and proliferation of mutated cells e.g spanish fly, ionising radiation

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4
Q

Why are children and young animals more sensitive to neoplasia from ionising radiation?

A

Because they have a larger proportion of regularly-dividing cells, as they are growing. The carcinogenic effect of ionising radiation is particularly potent in rapidly dividing cells.

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5
Q

What are some types of ionising radiation?

A

Xrays, particulate radiation (protons, neutrons, alpha particles)

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6
Q

Causing which cancer types in ANIMALS has UV radiation been implicated?

A

Cutaneous and conjunctival SCC, dermal haemangiosarcomas in dogs and cats. Especially non-pigmented areas. Not technically ionising but can induce ROS production which is the mechanism for DNA damage

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7
Q

Name three microbiological carcinogens and whether they are direct or indirect carcinogens

A
  1. feline leukaemia virus promotes oncogene expression so DIRECT
  2. hepatitis virus causes prolonged inflammation in the liver that can lead to oncogenesis INDIRECT
  3. papillomavirus inhibits p53 DIRECT
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8
Q

Benign neoplasm of glandular epithelial tissue

A

Adenoma

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9
Q

Malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelial tissue

A

Adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

Benign neoplasm of non-glandular epithelial tissue

A

Papilloma

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11
Q

Malignant neoplasm of non-glandular epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma

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12
Q

Benign neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue

A

-oma

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13
Q

Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue

A

sarcoma

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14
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of sebaceous gland

A

Sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of cartilage

A

Chondroma/chondrosarcoma

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16
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelium

A

Squamous papilloma/squamous cell carcinoma

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17
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of prostate

A

Prostatic adenoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells

A

Haemangioma/haemangiosarcoma

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19
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of thyroid

A

Thyroid adenoma, thyroid carcinoma

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20
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of fibrocytes

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A

Fibroma, fibrosarcoma

21
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle

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A

Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

22
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of urothelial cells

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A

Urothelial papilloma, urothelial carcinoma

23
Q

Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells

24
Q

Benign/malignant neoplasm of macrophages

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A

Histiocytoma, histiocytic sarcoma

25
Benign/malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
Melanocytoma, melanoma
26
Define neoplasia
Unregulated growth of cells derived from normal tissue caused by irreversible genetic change. May be benign or malignant
27
What is tumour stroma usually composed of?
Fibrous CT, blood vessels, inflammatory cells
28
List the features that differentiate malignant neoplasms from benign. Which of these are the only DEFINITIVE features?
1. Invasion /infiltration of adjacent tissue * 2. Metastasis to distant sites * 3. Degree of cell differentiation 4. Increased growth rate
29
What creates the capsule of a benign neoplasm?
The surrounding host cells atrophy under the pressure of the expanding mass. They are replaced with fibrous tissue, creating the capsule
30
What are the three pathways for metastasis? Which neoplasms are most likely to use each one?
1. Haematogenous - typical of sarcomas 2. Lymphatic - typical of carcinomas 3. Implantation
31
What does anisocytosis mean?
Variation in cell size
32
What does anisokaryosis mean?
Variation in nuclear size
33
What does anisonucleosis mean?
Variation in nucleolar size
34
Which features of pleiomorphism are more convincing of malignancy?
Those that affect the deepest cellular structures e.g anisonucleosis
35
Other than pleiomorphism, what are 6 histological features of neoplastic cells?
``` Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio Hyperchromatic nuclei Giant cells with multiple nuclei Loss of polarity Failure to form normal structures Atypical mitoses ```
36
Define choristoma
Normal cells in an abnormal location
37
Define harmatoma
Normal cells in their normal location forming an abnormal mass
38
List three local effects of neoplasia
1. Compression/distortion of local structures 2. Impediment of movement 3. Ulceration, infection
39
List three systemic effects of neoplasia
1. Pyrexia 2. Cancer cachexia 3. Secretion of abnormal hormones or autoimmune disease (paraneoplastic syndrome)
40
List three mechanisms by which TNFalpha secretion causes cancer cachexia
1. Appetite suppresion 2. Increased protein catabolism 3. Stimulation of lipolysis
41
What is pseudohyperparathyroidism of malignancy? With which tumour types does it tend to be associated?
Tumour secreting Parathyroid Hormone related Protein which is causing Ca2+ extrusion from peripheral tissues and hypercalcemia May get bone resorption, osteoporosis Commonly due to lymphoma or anal gland carcinoma
42
What are two autoimmune conditions that may be caused by anti-tumour antibodies cross reacting with self antigen?
1. Myasthenia gravis | 2. Immune mediated haemolytic anemia
43
How do proto-oncogenes contribute to neoplasia and what are two examples
Upregulation of protooncogenes results in excessive stimulus for cell growth and proliferation e.g Ras, cyclin D1 Are one-hit (dominant)
44
How do tumour suppressor genes contribute to neoplasia and what are two examples
``` Downregulation of tumour suppressor genes results in cell being allowed to divide despite having sustained genetic damage e.g retinoblastoma (Go > G1) and p53 (detects DNA damage, induces apoptosis) Two hit (recessive) ```
45
How do DNA repair genes contribute to neoplasia?
Deactivation of these means cell with DNA damage cannot repair it. May proceed to cell cycle and pass along its damaged DNA, allowing mutations to accumulate
46
What are the four kinds of gene that are involved in oncogenesis?
1. Proto oncogenes 2. Tumour suppressor genes 3. DNA repair genes 4. Apoptosis regulating genes
47
List the 8 hallmarks of neoplasia LAASSIEE
1. Limitless proliferation > telomerase 2. Altered cellular metabolism >glycolysis 3. Ability to invade and metastasise * malignant only 4. Sustained angiogenesis > VEGF, hypoxia 5. Self sufficiency in growth signalling > Ras 6. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals > P53 7. Evasion of immune system > suppress MHC I 8. Evasion of apoptosis > BCL-2 LAASSIEE
48
Describe the metastatic cascade
1. Local invasion 2. Intravasation into blood and lymph 3. Transit through vasculature 4. Extravasation 5. Formation of micro-metastases 6. Growth of micro-metastases into macroscopic tumours
49
List some adaptations tumour cells must have to metastasise
1. Loosening of cell-cell contact 2. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 3. Cell motility 4. Ability to survive in blood/lymphatics 5. Expression of adhesion factors at metastasis site

Cells to systems (4 decks)

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