Neoplasia Flashcards by akshyatah sharma

Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A

self sufficiency
unresponsive to inhibition signals
limitless replication
evasion of death
evasion of immune system
invasion ability
reprogramming metabolism pathways

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Q

fibroma

A

fibrosis tissue tumor

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Q

adenoma

A

gland pattern in normal tumors/ tumors of gland

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Q

papilloma

A

finger fronds tumor on surface

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Q

cystoma

A

benign hollow cyst

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Q

sarcoma

A

solid mesenchymal tumor

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Q

leukemia

A

mesenchymal cells of blood

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Q

carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue

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Q

mixed tumors

A

salivary gland tumor - pleomorphic adenoma

fibro (neoplastic)adenoma of breast

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Q

divergent differentiation

A

mixed tumors

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Q

teratoma

A

mixed tumors with more than one germ layer involvement

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Q

hamartoma

A

disorganized indigenous tissue

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Q

choristoma

A

heterotrophic rest of cells

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Q

scirrhous tumors

A

dense abundant fibrous desmoplasia

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Q

anaplastic cells

A

pleomorphic cells/giant cells
large hyperchromatic nuclei/ multiple nuclei
nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio - upto 1:1 (normal 1:4/1:6)
coarse chromatin
large nucleolus
mitoses - numerous, atypical
anarchic mitotic spindle
tripolar/quadripolar mitotic figures
abnormal orientation

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Q

dysplasia

A

disorderly non neoplastic proliferation
architectural anarchy
dysplasia in whole thickness of epithelium - carcinoma insitu

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Q

benign leiomyoma

A

no capsule

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Q

carcinoma

A

lymphatic spread

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Q

sarcoma

A

hematogenous spread

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Q

skip metastasis

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid, osteosarcoma

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Q

autosomal dominant cancer syndromes

A

childhood retinoblastoma - tumor suppressor gene mutation

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Q

autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair

A

xeroderma pigmentosa

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Q

familial cancer

A

early onset
present in relatives
bilateral/ multiple lesions

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Q

preneoplastic lesions

A

metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, leukoplakia, villous adenoma, benign tumors

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normal regulatory genes

protooncogenes tumor suppressor genes apoptosis gene DNA repair genes

oncogenes

dominant (one allele mutation leads to- neoplasms)

tumor suppressor gene

governor - brake on proliferation | guardian - sense damage and repairing

TP53

guardian gene

loss of guardian genes like tp53

permits and accelerate mutation acquisition

balanced translocation

Burkitt lymphoma - overexpression of myc (8) on it's translocation under Ig heavy chain regulatory element (14) follicular B cell lymphoma - overexpression of antiapoptotic bcl2 gene (18) on its translocation under Ig heavy chain regulatory element (14) CML- fusion gene 9-22 (Ph chromosome) leading to BCR ABL rearrangement - encode tyrosine kinase (novel chimeric protein) Ewing sarcoma - fusion gene (t11;22) (q24;12) EWS transcription factor with Fli-1 AML, MPD

fusion genes

bcr-abl - kinase - CML Fli-1 EWS - transcription factor ewing sarcoma TMPRSS- ETS - transcription factor- prostate cancer EML4 -ALK - kinase - lung carcinoma HGMA-2 - overexpression (removal of negative regulatory microRNA site)

site of Rb gene

13q14

gene amplification

nymc - neuroblastoma hsr - amplified gene insert into new chromosomal location double minutes- extrachromosomal erbb2- breast cancer

microRNA

single stranded, non coding | cleave mRNA/ repress translation

miRNA

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2 stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

miRNA

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2 stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

miRNA

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2 stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

miRNA

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2 stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

miRNA

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2 stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

miRNA

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2 stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

ECM

collagens, glycoprotein, proteoglycans

proteases in tumor invasion

mmp, cathespin D, urokinase plasminogen activator

MMP role in tumor invasion

release ECM sequestrated growth factors | remodel basement membrane

mmp 9 gelatinase

cleave type iv collagen | release vegf

direct acting chemical carcinogen

alkylating agents - leukemia

indirectly acting chemical carcinogens

``` benzopyrene active principle- epoxide aromatic amines azo dyes beta naphthylamine - bladder cancer aflatoxin - hepatocellular carcinoma nitrites ``` metabolic activation by monooxygenases (polymorphism)

aflatoxin

signature mutation in tp53

TAX gene in HTLV-1 virus

activate genes - of cytokines (il2, 15), receptors, costimulatory factors bind to cyclins t cell mitogens - polyclonal proliferation finally tp53 - tumor suppressors- monoclonal neoplasms

Paraneoplastic endocrinopathy

small cell lung carcinoma | pancreatic and neural carcinoma

SIADH Paraneoplastic

small cell lung carcinoma, intracranial tumor

hyperglycaemia

squamous cell carcinoma of lung | breast, renal, adult t cell leukemia/lymphoma, ovarian

hypoglycemia

fibrosarcoma mesenchymal sarcoma hepatocellular carcinoma

Paraneoplastic carcinoid syndrome

bronchial adenoma | pancreatic, gastric carcinoma

polycythemia Paraneoplastic

renal carcinoma cerebellar hemangioma hepatocellular carcinoma (erythropoietin)

myasthenia Paraneoplastic

bronchogenic carcinoma | thymoma

myasthenia Paraneoplastic

bronchogenic carcinoma | thymoma

disorders of cns and pns

breast Cancer | teratomas

acanthosis nigricans Paraneoplastic

gastric adenoma | lung and uterine carcinoma

dermatomyositis

bronchogenic | breast cancer

hypertrophy osteoarthropathy, clubbing of fingers

bronchogenic carcinoma

venous thrombosis

pancreatic, bronchogenic carcinoma

non bacterial endocarditis

advanced cancer

anemia

thymoma

NEPHROTIC syndrome

Paraneoplastic syndrome | in various cancers

cytokeratin

undifferentiated carcinoma

CEA

colon , pancrease, stomach, breast carcinoma