Neoplasia

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

New growth of tissues and cells (transformed)

• have high degree of autonomy

Question 2

Benign neoplasm

Answer 2

Tumors that are considered innocent and will remain localized

Question 3

malignant neoplasm

Answer 3

Tumor that will invade nearby tissues and can metastize into blood stream

Question 4

Two basic opponents of all neoplasms

Answer 4

Parenchyma is transformed

Has own stroma

Question 5

Parenchyma

Answer 5

Determines biological behavior of the neoplasm, also gives name

Question 6

Stroma

Answer 6

Provides support/nutrients to the parenchyma of the neoplasm

Question 7

Benign tumor nomenclature

Answer 7

Prefix is what tissue neoplasm arose from

Suffix is always “oma”

Ex: fibroma (fibrous tissue)

Ex: conformant (cartilage tissue)

Question 8

Papillomas

Answer 8

Benign epithelial neoplasms

Question 9

Adenoma

Answer 9

Neoplasms arising from glands generally.

Question 10

Sarcoma

Answer 10

Malignant neoplasm in solid mesenchymal tissues

Question 11

Leukemia vs lymphoma

Answer 11

Malignant tumor in blood vs malignant tumor in lymph respectively.

Question 12

3 fundamental features that determine benign vs malignant

Answer 12

Differentiation/anaplasia

Local invasion

Metastasis

Question 13

Pleomorphism

Answer 13

Variation in size and shape of same cells

Often possessed by anaplasic cells

Question 14

Anaplasia

Answer 14

Very poorly differentiated tumor

Question 15

Tumor capsule

Answer 15

Large ECM and fibroblast aggregation

Allows for non-fixed tumors and easily able to be remove. Common in benign tumors

Question 16

3 pathways of metastasis

Answer 16

Seeding in local body cavities

Lymphatic spread

Blood circulatory spread

Question 17

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 17

Symptom complexes in cancer patients that cannot be explained general tumor characteristics

Question 18

Paraneoplastic syndrome groupings

Answer 18

Endocrine

Hematologists

Osteoarticular

Cutaneous

Neurological

Question 19

Most common paraneoplastic syndrome symptoms

Answer 19

Hypercalcemia

Cushing syndrome

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Question 20

Most important Environmental factors for cancer

Answer 20

Smoking

Alcohol consumption

Reproductive history

Diet

Infectious agents

Question 21

Most important acquired factors to cancer

Answer 21

Chronic inflammation

Chronic immunodeficiency

Precursor lesions

Question 22

Precursor lesions

Answer 22

Changes (metaplasia, hyperplasia or dysphasia) in Epithelial cells that occur not by cancer.

Question 23

4 major function classes of cancer genes

Answer 23

Oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

Apoptosis regulation genes

Host/tumor communication genes

Question 24

Oncogenes

Answer 24

Mutated genes that induce cancer-like phenotypes in healthy cells

Produces oncoproteins that are self-induced and self-regulated

This includes increased unregulated cellular growth

Question 25

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 25

Normal unmutated versions of oncogenes. Produce Normal oncoproteins that are regulated by signals Participate in signal pathways that drive controlled proliferation

Question 26

Possible functions/classes of oncoproteins

Answer 26

Growth factors Growth factor receptors Signal transducers Transcription factors Cell cycle components

Question 27

PDGF and TGF (alpha)

Answer 27

Examples of growth factors produced by oncogenes Many produce autocrine loops that causes unregulated cell growth

Question 28

ERBB1 & HER2

Answer 28

Growth factor receptors that act as oncoproteins in epithelial and breast cancers respectively

Question 29

RAS

Answer 29

Most commonly mutated oncogene in tumors - remains fixed in proliferating state when point mutations occur

Question 30

ABL

Answer 30

Proto-oncogene that has tyrosine kinase activity. Oncogenes form is caused by a translocation of chromosome 9 -> 22. t(9;22) - Oncogene forms BCR-ABL hybrid protein

Question 31

Oncoproteins that function as pseudo-transcription factors for growth-promoting genes in DNA transcription

Answer 31

MYC, JUN & FOS

Question 32

MYC

Answer 32

Activates transcription of genes. - targets genes with CDKs and that produce common macromolecule building blocks - dysregulation causes unregulated of the above.

Question 33

Burkett lymphoma

Answer 33

Type of B-cell tumor that causes t(8;14) of MYC gene, causing over production of MYC protein

Question 34

cyclic dependent kinases (CDKs)

Answer 34

Bind to cyclin and phosphorylate protiens that push G0 cells into the cycle cycle to proliferate Usually are around inhibitors that tightly regulate them

Question 35

Main cell cycle checkpoints where CDKs playa role

Answer 35

G1/S (most targeted) G2/M

Question 36

Cell cycle oncogenes two main effects

Answer 36

Gain o function of CDK4 Loss o function of CDKis

Question 37

RB tumor suppressor gene

Answer 37

Key negative regulator of cell cycle. Inactivation usually causes cancer (Retinoblastoma primarily)

Question 38

Two-hit hypothesis

Answer 38

Two mutations in tumor suppressor genes are needed to produce a cancer. Has familial and sporadic cases

Question 39

Familial cases of RB

Answer 39

Children inherit 1 defective copy of RB gene. The other is normal, but undergoes somatic mutation in cases where retinoblastoma is seen.

Question 40

Sporadic cases of retinoblastoma

Answer 40

Possess 2 normal RB alleles that are both lost via somatic mutation in retinoblastoma production.

Question 41

TP53

Answer 41

Most commonly mutated gene in human cancer

Question 42

TP53 protein

Answer 42

Activates quiescence Induces senescence when needed Triggers apoptosis when needed -production is triggered via anoxia (DNA damage)

Question 43

Quiescence

Answer 43

Temporary cell cycle arrest

Question 44

Senescence

Answer 44

Permanent cell cycle arrest

Question 45

Li-framumeni syndrome

Answer 45

Inherited mutant TP53 allele - increases likelihood of cancer due to one “hit”already being present - roughly 25x likelier

Question 46

BCL2 overexpression

Answer 46

anti-apoptosis proteins Over-expression allows cancers to form and not induce apoptosis