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RUSVM Pathology I > Neoplasia- Dr Llanes > Flashcards

Neoplasia- Dr Llanes Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

the process of tumor formation

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

“New Growth” - occurs when genetic changes allow cells to “ignore” growth mediators and expand indefinitely.

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3
Q

Oncology

A

Study of tumors

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4
Q

2 components of a neoplasm

A
  1. Parenchyma

2. Stroma

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5
Q

Pre-neoplastic changes

A
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
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6
Q

Meaning of the suffix “oma”

A

benign

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7
Q

Meaning of suffix “sarcoma”

A

malignant

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8
Q

Mesnchymal tumor origin

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

Epithelial tumor origins

A
  • endoderm

- ectoderm

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10
Q

Benign epithelial tumors

A
  • papilloma

- polyp

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11
Q

Malignant epithelial tumor

A

-carcinoma

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12
Q

Tumor that comes form multiple cells types

A

Mixed tumor

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13
Q

Teratoma

A

a tumor that is derived from all embryonic cell layers and arises from totipotent germ cells

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14
Q

4 factors that differentiate benign vs. malignant tumors

A
  1. Differentiation/anaplasia
  2. Growth rate
  3. Local invasion
  4. Presence/absence of metastasis
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15
Q

This refers to the extent that parenchymal tumor cells resemble normal parenchymal cells in morphology and function.

A

Differentiation/anaplasia

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16
Q

T/F Benign tumors are not very well-differentiated.

A

False. They are well-differentiated

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17
Q

Malignant tumors that are undifferentiated are considered________.

A

anaplastic

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18
Q

T/F Neoplasms can only be malignant if they are not well-differentiated.

A

False. Malignant tumors (neoplasms) can be either well or undifferentiated.

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19
Q

Anaplasia is characterized by what 4 things?

A
  1. pleomorphism
  2. abnormal nuclear morphology
  3. high mitotic rate
  4. loss of polarity
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20
Q

Anaplasia is sometimes understood as a reversal of differentiation to a more primitive level. What is a more appropriate way to look at anaplasia?

A

anaplastic cells arising from less differentiated cells such as totipotent cells

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21
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms that regulate tissue growth?

A
  1. Rate of cell proliferation

2. rate of apoptosis

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22
Q

What is the key reason the local invasion of tumor cells is an indicator of malignancy?

A

it refers to the degree of damage to surrounding tissues caused by a neoplasm

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23
Q

Metastases

A

neoplastic areas that are not continuous with the primary tumor

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24
Q

Do benign tumors undergo metastasis?

A

No, metastasis is an indicator of malignancy

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25
Q

What are 3 pathways by which malignant tumors spread?

A
  1. Transcolemic
  2. Lymphatic
  3. Hematogenous
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26
Q

What process causes the breakdown of the basement membrane and the extracellular matrix during the spread of tumors?

A

Metastatic cascade

27
Q

When is hetergeneity generated in tumor cells and what does it result in?

A
  • during tumor growth

- subclones and successful subclones

28
Q

High proliferative rate, immune response evasion, development of independent blood supply, independence from exogenous growth factors, and the ability to spread to distant sites are all characteristics of what cells?

A

Successful subclones

29
Q

Gastric carcinomas arising from the esophageal region of the gastric mucosa are common in what species?

A

Equine

30
Q

Mucous secreting neoplastic epithelial cells are histologically characterized by what?

A

Bluish, foamy cytoplasm

31
Q

What 3 things add up to give us the phenotype of a particular cancer?

A
  • DNA mutations
  • Epigenetic changes
  • Chromosomal alterations
32
Q

Epigenetic changes

A

heritable changes in gene expression not due to change in DNA sequence.

33
Q

Common epigenetic changes

A
  • DNA methylation

- histone modification

34
Q

T/F Tumors are polyclonal.

A

False. Tumors arise from a single precursor cells that has been damaged (Monoclonal)

35
Q

4 main classes of normal regulatory genes that play a significant role in carcinogenesis when damaged.

A
  1. growth-promoting proto-oncogenes
  2. growth inhibiting suppressor genes
  3. apoptosis regulating genes
  4. DNA repair genes
36
Q

Why is it that cancer is a relatively rare occurrence despite the abundance of environmental carcinogens?

A

Because of the ability of normal cells to repair damaged DNA.

37
Q

Which tumor suppressor gene can be called the “Guardian of the Genome”?

A

p53 gene

38
Q

3 effects of p53 activation and DNA binding

A
  1. CDK inhibition (p21)
  2. DNA repair (GADD45)
  3. Apoptosis (BAX)
39
Q

8 changes in cell physiology that determine malignant phenotype of cancer.

A
  1. self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. evasion of apoptosis
  4. defects in DNA repair
  5. limitless replicative potential
  6. sustained angiogenesis
  7. ability to invade and metastasize
  8. ability to escape from immunity and rejection
40
Q

What is the strongest argument for the presence of immune survillience of tumors?

A

The increased incidence of cancer in immuno-suppressed individuals.

41
Q

What cells are the major immune defense against tumors?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

42
Q

_________ and ________ cells also play a role in immune surveillance of tumor cells.

A

natural killer cells and macrophages

43
Q

Macrophages are strongly activated by _______ released by NK cells and T-cells.

A

IFN-gamma

44
Q

3 mechanisms of tumor evasion of immune system

A
  1. variant of tumor cell without antigen
  2. deficiency of MHC Class I
  3. Immunosuppressive protein production
45
Q

Macro-environmental (extrinsic) etiologies

A
  • UV light
  • Ionizing radiation
  • chemicals
  • oncoviruses
46
Q

Micro-environmental (intrinsic) etiologies

A
  • inherited genes

- byproducts of metabolism

47
Q

T/F Benign tumors doe not cause morbidity or mortality.

A

False. Any tumor can cause disease or death.

48
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Indirect effects of tumor cells products other the those caused directly by the tumor and its spread.

49
Q

What is the loss of body fat and lean tissue along with weakness, anorexia and anemia?

A

Cancer cachexia

50
Q

Factors involved with pathogenesis of cancer cachexia

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • IFN-gamma
  • Prostaglandins
  • PIF
51
Q

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes in domestic animals

A
  • Cachexia
  • Hypercalcemia of malignancy
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Thrombotic disease
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Nodular dermatofibrosis
  • Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
52
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome is most commonly observed and what species is it primarily found in?

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy, canine

53
Q

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is cause by the production by neoplastic cells of a protein that is related to which organ?

A

Parathyroid

54
Q

T/F hypercalcemia caused by osteolysis by skeletal metastases is not a paraneoplastic syndrome.

A

True

55
Q

T/F hypercalcemia caused by osteolysis by skeletal metastases is not a paraneoplastic syndrome.

A

True

56
Q

Clinical signs of Hypercalcemia

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • cardiac arrhythmia
  • anorexia
  • vomiting
  • renal failure
  • Pu/Pd (remember this from Physio)
57
Q

Hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, hypoadrenocorticism, and hypervitaminosis D are all considered what in relation to neoplasia?

A

Causes that should be considered and ruled out.

58
Q

What species and breed of said species is nodular dermatofibrosis most commonly associated with.

A

Canine, German Shepherd

59
Q

T/F Dogs with nodular dermatofibrosis develop multiple benign cutaneous lesions that are almost always associated with underlying bilateral renal disease.

A

True

60
Q

Advantages of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis

A
  • Categorization of undifferentiated malignant tumors
  • categorization of leukemias and lymphomas
  • determination of metastisis
  • determination of prognosis
61
Q

range of cancer grading scale

A

1-4

62
Q

TNM system for staging a tumor

A

T- size of primary neoplasm (T0-T4)
N- extent of lymphatic spread (N0-N3)
M- presence of hematogenous metastses (M0-M2)

63
Q

T/F Clinically grading is more useful than staging.

A

False. Staging is more useful.

RUSVM Pathology I (3 decks)

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