Neoplasia/Hematology (High Yield) Flashcards
(26 cards)
List 2 ways to determine clonality. How does this relate to neoplasia?
G6PD, Ig light chain phenotype (kappa or lambda) for B cells; Neoplastic growth is monoclonal
Disease associated with aflatoxins? Where are these found?
Hepatocellular carcinoma; aspergillus on stored grains
Exposure to asbestos is most likely to lead to what disease?
Lung cancer (mores than mesothelioma)
Disease associated with vinyl chloride? Who is at risk?
Angiosarcoma of liver; occupational exposure to workers (PVC pipes themselves not harmful)
Disease(s) associated with EBV
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (esp in Chinese males and individuals in Africa), Burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients
Disease associated with HHV-8? What persons are at risk? What is the treatment, generally?
Kaposi’s sarcoma; AIDS patients but also Eastern Europeans; reduce immunosuppression slightly
Disease(s) associated with HBV and HCV?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Disease(s) associated with HTLV-1
Adult T cell Lymphoma/leukemia
What are the “worst” HPV subtypes? What is/are the associated disease(s)?
16, 18, 31, 33; squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix or adenocarcinoma of cervix
Diseases associated with ionizing radiation? Via what mechanism does this occur?
AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid; hydroxyl free radicals
Diseases associated with non ionizing radiation? Via what mechanism does this occur
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma; formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA
What type of molecule is Her2/Neu? What disease is it associated with, and how is it associated?
Epidermal growth factor receptor; breast carcinoma; photo-oncogene activated through amplification
What type of molecule is RET? What disease is it associated with, and how is it activated?
Neural growth factor receptor; MEN2A, MEN2B and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid; point mutation
What type of molecule is RAS? What cancers are associated with it? How is it activated?
GTP binding protein involved in signal transduction; carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma (70% of all cancers); point mutation
What type of molecule is ABL? What cancers are associated with it? How is it activated?
Tyrosine kinase (involved in signal transduction); CML and some ALL; 9;22 translocation (ALL with 9;22 translocation has a poorer prognosis)
What type of molecule is CCND1? What cancer is associated with it? What genetic mechanism causes this cancer?
Cyclin D1, a cell cycle regulator; mantle cell lymphoma (B cell lymphoma of LN “mantle,” which is the region “next to the follicle”); 11;14 translocation (cyclin D gene from chromosome 11 translocated with Ig heavy chain gene from chromosome 14)
How does the presentation of retinoblastoma differ based on the type of mutation that occurs?
Sporadic mutation results in unilateral retinoblastoma; germline mutation (aka familial) results in bilateral retinoblastoma and increases risk for osteosarcoma
What molecule is over expressed in follicular lymphoma? How does this happen?
Bcl-2; translocation between chromosomes 14 (Ig heavy chain locus) and 18 (Bcl-2 locus)
What type of metastasis is characteristic of most carcinomas?
Lymphatic spread to regional lymph nodes
Which carcinomas do not spread via lymphatics?
Renal cell carcinoma (renal vein), hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatic vein), follicular carcinoma of the thyroid and choriocarcinoma all spread hematogenously
What characteristic differentiates malignant from benign tumors?
Benign tumors never metastasize
What intermediate filament is associated with epithelium?
Keratin
What intermediate filament is associated with mesenchyme?
Vimentin
What intermediate filament is associated with muscle?
Desmin
