Neoplasia/Hematology - Sketchy - Coronaviruses, HIV, Filoviruses, Arenaviruses, EBV Flashcards
Coronaviridae are a family of ______-sense ______ viruses.
Coronaviridae are a family of positive-sense RNA viruses.
Coronaviruses _________ (are/are not) enveloped and are ________ (helical/icosahedral/complex).
Coronaviruses are enveloped and are helical.
Name a few viruses that can cause the common cold:
_______viruses
_______viruses
RSV
Parainfluenza viruses
Adenoviruses
Name a few viruses that can cause the common cold:
Rhinoviruses
Coronaviruses
RSV
Parainfluenza viruses
Adenoviruses
__________ can cause upper respiratory infections that can lead to SARS or MERS (and even acute respiratory failure).
Coronaviruses can cause upper respiratory infections that can lead to SARS or MERS (and even acute respiratory failure).
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a ________-sense ______ virus in the ______viridae family.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a positive-sense RNA virus in the _Retro_viridae family.
Is HIV enveloped?
Yes.
HIV is a ___ploid virus; each HIV virion is composed of ____ copy(ies) of positive-sense RNA.
HIV is a diploid virus; each HIV virion is composed of 2 copies of positive-sense RNA.
The ____ gene of HIV encodes the p24 protein (thousands of p24 protein products comprise the conical ______ of HIV).
The gag gene of HIV encodes the p24protein (thousands ofp24protein products comprise the conical capsid of HIV).
The gag gene of HIV encodes the ____ protein (thousands of ____ protein products comprise the conical ______ of HIV).
The gag gene of HIV encodes the p24** protein (thousands of **p24 protein products comprise the conical capsid of HIV).
The ____ gene of HIV encodes the gp41 and gp120 ________ proteins.
The env gene of HIV encodes the gp41 and gp120 envelope proteins.
The env gene of HIV encodes the ______ and ______ envelope proteins.
The env gene of HIV encodes the gp41 and gp120 envelope proteins.
The ____ gene of HIV encodes a reverse transcriptase (an ____-dependent ____ polymerase), which converts RNA to DNA.
The pol gene of HIV encodes a reverse transcriptase (an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), which converts RNA to DNA.
The pol gene of HIV encodes a _______ _______, which converts _____ to _____.
The pol gene of HIV encodes a reverse transcriptase (an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), which converts RNA to DNA.
HIV initially infects what cell type in particular?
It later infects what cell type in particular?
Macrophages;
CD4+ T cells
In general HIV infects what category of cells?
Reticuloepithelial cells
(e.g. macrophages, CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, microglia, etc.)
Acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome) frequently presents with _____- or _____-like symptoms such as cervical lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis.
Acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome) frequently presents with flu- or mono-like symptoms such as fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and pharyngitis.
What are some of the generic S/Sy associated with acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome)?
Fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and pharyngitis
(flu- or mono-like symptoms)
HIV undergoes a clinical latent period (or incubation period or chronic period) that can last up to how long?
10 years
A CD4+ count 3) is the diagnostic marker of AIDS.
A CD4+ count <200 (per mm3) is the diagnostic marker of AIDS.
Patients with HIV are at a higher risk of some lymphoid malignancies, such as what?
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
In early stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the _____ receptor.
In early stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the CCR5 receptor.
In later stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the _____ receptor.
In later stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the CXCR4 receptor.
In ______ stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the CXCR4 receptor.
In later stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the CXCR4 receptor.
In _____ stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the CCR5 receptor.
In early stages of infection, HIV gains entry into host cells via the CCR5 receptor.
What test detects the presence of anti-HIV antibodies?
(used to screen for HIV)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
A _______ _______ (which detects the ____ antigen) is done to confirm HIV infection in patients who tested positive on an ELISA screening test.
A western blot (which detects the p24 antigen) is done to confirm HIV infection in patients who tested positive on an ELISA screening test.
What test is used to screen for HIV by detecting antibodies?
What test is used as a confirmatory test by detecting p24 antigen?
ELISA
western blot
Western blotting is used as a confirmatory test for HIV by detecting what?
ELISA is used to screen for HIV by detecting what?
p24 antigen
anti-HIV antibodies
_________ reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are non-functional _________ analogs that prevent the elongation of DNA molecules synthesized by HIV’s reverse transcriptase (NRTIs are incorporated into the DNA chain).
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are non-functional nucleotide analogs that prevent the elongation of DNA molecules synthesized by HIV’s reverse transcriptase (NRTIs are incorporated into the DNA chain).
What medication should be administered to pregnant HIV patients to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to the fetus?
Zidovudine
What is the general mechanism of action of NRTIs and NNRTIs in treating HIV infection?
Blocking reverse transcriptase
(nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogs that get incorporated into the DNA chain, thus disrupting elongation)
True/False.
NRTIs and NNRTIs are integrase inhibitors.
False.
NRTIs and NNRTIs are reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors block _________ of HIV by binding proteases and preventing cleavage of proteins that are vital for what?
Protease inhibitors block replication of HIV by binding proteases and preventing cleavage of proteins that are vital for producing infectious forms of the virus.
What medication type blocks the CCR5 host cell membrane protein, preventing HIV from fusing with the host cell?
Maraviroc
Maraviroc blocks the _______ host cell membrane protein, preventing HIV from ______ the host cell.
Maraviroc blocks the CCR5 host cell membrane protein, preventing HIV from fusing with the host cell.
Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus belong to what family of RNA viruses?
Filoviridae
Filoviruses (i.e. Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus) are __________-sense _____ viruses.
Filoviruses (i.e. Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus) are negative-sense RNA viruses.