Neoplasia: Molecular Basis Of Cancer

Question 1

Acquired mutations caused by

Answer 1

Exogenous agents (viruses, chemicals)
Endogenous of cellular metabolism

Question 2

Principal targets of cancer causing mutations

Answer 2

Growth promoting proto oncogenes
Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate programmed cell death
Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 3

Growth promoting proto oncogenes

Answer 3

Gain of functions
Excessive function
Complete new function
Dominant in normal cells

Question 4

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 4

Loss of function

Both genes must be damaged in most

Question 5

Only one gene damaged but still it caused tumor suppressor genes

Answer 5

Haploid insufficiency

Question 6

Apoptosis

Answer 6

Less death that enhances survival a of cells

Gain of function - suppress apoptosis
Loss of function - promote cell death

Question 7

DNA repair

Answer 7

Loss of function

Question 8

Contribute to the development of malignant phenoyptype

Answer 8

Driver mutations

Question 9

First driver mutation

Answer 9

Initiating mutations

Question 10

Ang mga iniated cells ay mag acquire ng? Nag mag co contribute sa development ng cancer at ito ay matagal

Answer 10

Additional driver mutations

Question 11

Cancers arise from cells with stem cell like properties

Answer 11

Cancer stem cells

Question 12

Common early step on the road to malignancy

Answer 12

Loss of function mutations

Question 13

Increase the frequency of mutations but no phenotypic consequences

Answer 13

Passenger mutations

Question 14

More common than driver mutations

Answer 14

Passenger mutations

Question 15

Competition among tumor cells for access to nutrient and micro environmental riches

Answer 15

Darwinian contest or selection

Question 16

Pernicious tendency of tumors to become more aggressive over time

Answer 16

Tumor progression

Question 17

Two types of mutation in DNA sequencing

Answer 17

Present in all tumor site

Unique to a subset of tumor sites

Question 18

Present in the founding cell at the moment of transformation

Answer 18

Present in all tumor site

Question 19

Unique to a subset of tumor sites

Answer 19

During after the transformation
During outgrowth and spread of tumor
Family trees
Galápagos Islands

Question 20

Explain natural history of cancer

Changes in tumor behavior therapy

Answer 20

Selection of the fittest cells

Question 21

Selective pressures that cancer cells face

Answer 21

Chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Question 22

Pero pag nag recur ang tumor resistant na ito sa chemotherapy

Answer 22

Nice to know

Question 23

Also contribute to the malignant properties of cancer cells. Except DNA mutations

Answer 23

Epigenetic aberrations

Question 24

Epigenetic aberrations includes

Answer 24

DNA methylation

Histone modifications

Question 25

Silence gene expression

Answer 25

DNA. Methylation

Question 26

Enhance dampen gene expression

Answer 26

Histone modifications

Question 27

Unlike DNA mutations, Epigenetic are

Answer 27

Potentially reversible by drugs

Question 28

DNA mutations | Epigenetic

Answer 28

Passed to daughter cells

Question 29

DNA methylation

Answer 29

Silencing effect

Question 30

Histone modification

Answer 30

Far ranging effects

Question 31

Cellular and molecular hallmarks of cancer Oncogene activation

Answer 31

Self sufficiency in growth signals

Question 32

Inactivation of tumor suppressor gene

Answer 32

Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals

Question 33

Warburgs effects

Answer 33

Altered cellular metabolism

Question 34

Metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis | For rapid cell growth

Answer 34

Warburg effects

Question 35

Resistant to programmed cell death

Answer 35

Evasion apoptosis

Question 36

Immortality | Stem cell like property

Answer 36

Limitless replicative potential

Question 37

Kahit walang vascular supply

Answer 37

Sustained angiogenesis

Question 38

Accelerated those hallmarks of cancer

Answer 38

Genomic instability | Cancer promoting inflammation

Question 39

Genes that promotes autonomous cell growth in cancer cells

Answer 39

Oncogenes

Question 40

Un mutated cellular counter part of oncogene

Answer 40

Proto oncogene

Question 41

Encode proteins by oncogene | Freed from normal checkpoints

Answer 41

Oncoproteins

Question 42

Most frequently mutated oncogenic pathway

Answer 42

Tyrosine kinase pathway

Question 43

Accelerators of DNA replication

Answer 43

Once proteins

Question 44

Slow or brakes

Answer 44

Tumor suppressors

Question 45

Physiologic conditions of growth factor

Answer 45

1. Growth factor bind ps to receptor 2. Activate cytoplasmic signal transducing proteins 3. Transmits to nucleus via: cytoplasmic receptor proteins or 2nd messenger 4. DNA transcription 5. Cell division

Question 46

Nonlethal genetic damage lies at the heart of

Answer 46

Carcinogenesis