Neoplasia: Nomenclature Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Neoplasia
A
New growth
Neoplasm
2
Q
Study of tumors or neoplasm
A
Oncology
3
Q
Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue
A
Premolecular era
4
Q
Neoplasm is disorder of cell growth, acquired mutations affecting a single cell.
A
Modern era
5
Q
2 basic components of tumor
A
Parenchyma
Reactive stroma
6
Q
Connective tissue, blood vessels
Growth and spread of tumor
A
Reactive stroma
7
Q
Biologic behavior
A
Parenchyma
8
Q
Parenchyma stimulate formation of stroma
A
Desmoplasia
9
Q
Lymphatic and circulatory systems
Connective tissue like bone and cartilage
A
Mesenchymal cells
10
Q
Line major cavities of the body
Most organ such as kidney
Glands
A
Epithelial cells
11
Q
Benign tumors
A
Remain localized
Not spread to other sites
Enable to local surgical removal
12
Q
Benign tumors suffix in mesenchymal cells
A
Oma
Eg. Fibrous tissue - fibroma
Cartilage- chondroma
13
Q
Benign tumors in epithelial cells
A
Based on cells of origin
Microscopic pattern
Macroscopic architecture
14
Q
Functional parts of the organ
A
Parenchyma
15
Q
Structural tissue of organ
A
Stroma
16
Q
Tumor or neoplasm in epithelial cells
Epithelial neoplasm derived from glands
A
Adenoma
17
Q
Lahat ng glands ay adenoma
A
Pero hindi lahat ng adenoma ay glands
18
Q
Visible finger like or warty projections from epithelial surfaces (mucous membrane)
A
Papilloma
19
Q
Large cystic masses, such as in the ovary
A
Cystadenomas
20
Q
Macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface.
A
Polyp
21
Q
Poly in glandular tissue
A
Adenomatous polyp
22
Q
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Malignant tumors in solid mesenchymal tissue
A
Sarcomas
Eg. Fibrosarcoma, chondroscoma
23
Q
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Blood forming cells
A
Leukemia- WBC
Lymphoma - lymphocytes
24
Q
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Epithelial cell origin
On 3 germ layer
A
Carcinoma
25
3 germ layers
Ectodermal - epidermis
Mesodermal - renal tubules
Endodermal - GI tract
26
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Resemble stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous cell carcinoma
27
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Glandular pattern
Adenocarcinoma
28
Epithelial components scattered within the myxoid stroma
Mixed tumors
29
Contain island of cartilage or bone
| More than one type of tissue
Mixed tumors of salivary gland
30
Preferred designation of mixed tumors (salivary glands)
Pleomorphic adenoma
31
More than one germ layer (lahat kasi ng neoplasm. One germ layer lang)
Teratoma
32
Dito nag originate si teratoma
Totipotential germ cells
33
Normally present in the ovary and testis and sometimes found in midline embryonic rests
Totipotential germ cell
34
Totipotential germ cell
Helter skelter fashion
| Can differentiate in any cell types in adult body
35
Dermoid cysts
| Common pattern of Totipotential germ cells
Ovarian cystic teratoma
36
Merong Ectodermal lines kaya merong hair, sebaceous gland yung ovary
Ovarian cystic teratoma
37
Benign sounding destinations that are used for malignant neoplasm
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Seminoma
38
Sounds like cancer but it is not cancerous, it just a mass
Hamartomas
39
Lack of differentiation
Anapalsia
40
Hallmarks of malignant neoplasm
Anaplasia
Invasion
Metastasis
41
Kapag sinabi mong well differentiated
Hindi mo halos makita nag difference sa normal cells. At nakikita ito sa mga benign
42
Kapag naman sinabing undifferentiated or differentiated
Obvious irregular shape and size at makikita sa mga malignant tumor
43
Pero hindi lahat ng well differentiated ay benign like
Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
44
To form back or reverse differentiation
Anaplasia
45
Variation in size and shape of cancer cells
| Hindi pareparehas ang mga cell sa isang tumor
Pleomorphism
46
Tumor giant cell
Minsan isa lang ang nucleus, minsan polymorphic nucleus
47
Abnormal nuclear morphology
```
Instead of 1:4 it became 1:1
Hyper chromatic ( more darkly stained)
```
48
Mitosis is undifferentiated tumors
Pero hindi ibig sabihin malignant na agad,mo neoplastic na agad. Kasi pwede naman to sa normal tissue tulad ng sa GIG, pwede din sa hyperplasia
49
Para masabing malignancy as a morphologic feature
Atypical
Bizarre mitotic figures
Tripolar or multipolar spindle
50
Loss of polarity
Kapag benign o well dif. Carcinoma nag sesecrete sila ng katulad ng normal cells. Na de detect sila kapag sobra yung production nila sa normal cell.
Kapag undif naman, iba na sila sa normal cell, iba narin ang function
51
Replacement of one type of cell with another type.
Metaplasia
Eg. GERD, damage squamous epithelium of esophagus
52
Dysplasia
```
Disordered growth
Principally in epithelia
Loss in the uniformity
Loss in architectural orientation
Consider pleomorphism
```
53
Pre invasive neoplasm
Dysplastic changes are marked and involve the full thickness of the epithelium but the lesion does not penetrate the basement membrane.
Carcinoma in situ
54
Kapag na reach ang basement membrane,
The tumor is said to be invasive
55
Dyspalstic changes are often found
Foci of invasive carcinoma
Long term cigarrete smokers
Barret esophagus
56
Dysplasia maybe a precursor to malignant transformation
But does not always progress to cancer.
57
Maybe completely reversible
Mild to moderate carcinoma in situ
58
Dysplasia often occurs in metaplastic epithelium,
But not all metaplastic epithelium is dysplastic.
59
Rim of compressed fibrous tissue in benign tumors
Capsule
60
Separate benign tumor to host tissue
Capsule
61
Grow and expand slowly, lack the capacity to infiltrate, invade or metastasize
Benign tumors
62
Malignant tumors
Poorly demarcated
Well defined cleavage plane is lacking
Pseudo encapsulated
Crab like pattern of growth
63
Most reliable feature that differentiates cancer from benign tumors
Invasiveness
64
Removal of margin normal tissues na na invade
To complete local excision
65
Invasiveness of cancer to penetrate into blood vessels, lympahtic and body cavities, oppurtunity to spread
Metastasis
66
Tumors na bihira mag metastasis
Gilomas - glial cells in CNS
Basal cell carcinoma of skin
They both invade early but rarely metastasize
67
Metastasize correlates with
Lack of differentiation
Aggressive local invasion
Rapid growth
Large size
68
Correlates sometimes metastasize widely
Small
Well differentiated
Slowly growing lesions
69
Present metastasis except skin cancers other than melanomas
30 % of solid tumors
70
Liquid tumors
| Always taken to be malignant
Leukemia
| Lymphoma
71
Seeding of body cavities and surfaces
Penetrates open field lacking physical barriers
Most in peritoneal cavity
Carcinoma arising in the ovaries
72
Appendiceal or ovarian carcinoma fill the peritoneal cavity with gelatinous neoplastic mass
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
73
More on carcinoma than sarcoma
Lymphatic spread
74
Most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
75
Walang lymphatic ang tumor pero yung margin na dumadaan sa tumor ay enough para mag spread.
Nice to know
76
Dahil maraming connection ang lymphatic at cpvascular system
Leads to misleading
77
Disseminate to axillary lymphnodes
Upper outer quadrants of the breast
78
Drains to internal mammary arteries
Inner quadrants
79
Metastasize 1st to perhilar tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes
Carcinoma of the lungs
80
Local lymph nodes
Skip metastasis
81
Used assess presence or absence of metastasis
| Para malaman kung ano ang ooperahan
Biopsy of sentinel nodes
82
First node that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor
Biopsy of sentinel node
83
Typical in sarcoma, less seen in carcinoma
| Mas penetrated ang veins kasi mas manipis ito
Hematogenous spread
84
Kapag ang tumor pass pulmonary artery it will give rise to
Additional tumor emboli
85
Kapag venous naman tumor cells often come to
Rest the first capillary bed they encounter
Eg. Lungs and liver
86
Metastasize to vertebral column
Thyroid and prostate
87
Dahil sa renal vein ng renal cell carcinoma dito sya nag metastasize
Right side of the heart
88
Metastasize sa bone
Breast carcinoma
89
Metastasize sa adrenal and brains
Bronchogenic carcinoma
90
Kahit naka katanggap ng large amount of blood, hindi parin gad nag memetastasize
Skeletal muscle
| Spleen
91
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma are
Always fatal
