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MOD Midterm > Neoplasm Live - Singh > Flashcards

Neoplasm Live - Singh Flashcards

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1
Q

ways benign tumor can cause harm

A
  1. spinal cord compression
  2. Airway compression
  3. Hemorrhage
  4. Hormone secretion
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2
Q

which short syllable cancers are malignant

A
  1. lymphoma
  2. Syndenoma
  3. leukemia
  4. melanoma
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3
Q

stroma is what nature in tumors

A

fibrous and scirrhous

is what makes primary clones and also microenvironment to survive

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4
Q

carcinoma has to do with

A

Epithelium (surface like skin and mucosa, Glands)

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5
Q

Sarcoma has to do with

A

Mesenchyme (Muscle, Fibrous tissues bone, cartilage, fat, BVs, RBCs)

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6
Q

Teratoma

A

has both mesenchymal and epithelial components, from more then 1 germ layer

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7
Q

Hamartoma

A

overgrowth of mature tissue in a place + disorganized tissue, usually one element predominating the tissue
= like jumbled building supplies instead of built house
EX: large polyp in SI (has fat, muscle, glands, vessels normal for SI only not organized right)

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8
Q

Choristoma

A

(heterotopic) wrong place normal tissue
= like built house in the wrong neighborhood
EX: polyp of pancreatic tissue in colon

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9
Q

metaplasia

A

when stress or something causes change in epithelium (like columnar to squamous), more voulnerable

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10
Q

dysplasia

A

when one cell is disorderly growing due to mutation and has past the first layer of cells, benign

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11
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

when disorderly growing due to mutation cells are in deep layers of the epithelium , Benign

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12
Q

which type of neoplasm is most dangerous

A

the one that is the most poorly differentiated and does not resemble the normal cell most

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13
Q

anaplasia

A

poorly differentiation in the cells (no good organizations)

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14
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor od gastric epithelium

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15
Q

how to assess tumor rate of growth

A

look at how many cells are actively dividing on microscopic image

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16
Q

how to see if divisions poorly differentiated

A

variability in cell shape and size, abnormal mitosis = you see T shape in cells, loss of polarity, anaplasia

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17
Q

when does staining a tissue help

A

when wanting to find the origin of the now malignant cells + degree of differentiation of the cells

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18
Q

what does immunostaining use

A

ABs specific to the tissue cell to stain

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19
Q

endocrine tumors are usually

A

very well differentiated, secrete a lot of the hormone that can be tumor markers at times

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20
Q

tumor markers

A

help screen for cancer or likely hood of getting something

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21
Q

acute leukemia you see

A

cancer cells stop at BLAST STAGE, you see many immature WBCs and RBCs in the circulation

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22
Q

chronic leukemia you see

A

cancer cells stop in mature stage

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23
Q

benign features

A

usually slow mitosis, not really seen on microscopic image, well differentiated

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24
Q

malignant features

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A

poorly differentiated, replicating fast or slow, you see many replicating on the microscopic image, invasive

25
hemorrhagic leiomyosarcoma is what B or M
M
26
fibroadenoma is M or B
B
27
three ways tumors spread by
1. lymphatics = most common, usually goes to LN draining that area 2. Hematogenous (A or V) 3. Direct seeding (free compartment like peritoneal space)
28
how do you know which lymph nodes to remove when getting rid of a cancer
inject tracer dye into tumor, the first nodes that gets this is the "sentinel" nodes EX: lymphoadenectomy
29
Virchow node
usually left sided supraclavicular lymphadenopathy | can be due to abd or thoracic carcinoma, in carcinomas
30
right lymph duct drain what
right upper extremity and mid thorax
31
Hematogenous mets are seen when
sarcomas, some carcinomas primary lung, liver, bone Ex : myometrial leiomyosarcoma
32
trans-coelomic spread
direct seeding spreading from body cavities
33
TNM staging
T : size and extent of invasion N: degree manner of nodal mets M : distant mets present or not
34
besides respiratory airway what other organs can get cancer from smoking
bladder and pancreas
35
screens see
dysplasia before it becomes cancer | can see pre-invasive lesions
36
adenomatous polyp vs adenocarcinoma
adenomatous polyp is still benign | after severe dysplasia it can become malignant adenocarcinoma
37
do most benign tumors become the malignant form of it
no EXCEPTIONS : 1. colon
38
reason some who smoke chronically longterm never get lung cancer
P450 haplotypes gene, protects some people form it (genetics and environment play a role) = not normal P450
39
paraneoplastic syndome
1. tumor secretes substances (PTH, ACTH) | 2. tumor activates other factors (Auto-ABs, cytokines)
40
2 examples of neoplastic syndrome
1. Squamous carcinoma in lung : Humoral hypercalcemia, due to PTHrP increased 2. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in lung : Cushing syndrome due to ACTH excess secretion from hypercorticolism
41
Trousseau syndrome
a paraneoplastic thrombophilia : from pancreatic carcinoma | - increases TF and activates endothelium and fibrin deposition
42
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia cells express what
1. Tissue Factor -----> F10 2. Annexin 2 R ----> plasminogens to PLASMIN = Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation = endothelial injury leads to thrombin release due to anticoagulation dysfunction
43
ERBB2 amplification
breast carcinoma marker
44
BCR-ABL PCR
chronic myeloid leukemia
45
BRCA1/2 germline
breast cancer
46
EGFR and ALK
lung carcinoma
47
Philadelphia chromosome what happens TX: how to monitor condition of patients
BRC-ABL forms and over active tyrosine kinase TX: Imatinib (Gleevec) = tyrosin kinase inhibitor you can see if the drug works by BRC-ABL PCR that can detect 1 in 100,000 cells with this BCR-ABL
48
people with polymorphic P450
even a small indirect carcinogen can become active ultimate carcinogenic (P450 convert many indirect to their active form)
49
Pyrimidine Dimers
Thymine dimers form UVB light, keep DNA and RNA polymerase from continuing - done by nucleotide excision repair - excess UV exposure can overwhelm the NER = sporatic melanomas
50
Xeroderma pigmentosum
X Nucleotide excision repair gene = cant get rid of pyrimidine dimers = melanomas = freckly hyperpigmentation, nodular growths, before 10yo
51
ionizing radiation
can cause carcinomas even years later from initial exposure EX: atomic bomb EX: Chernobyl accident = radioactive iodine exposure ----> childhood thyroid cancer increase to most 30 years later
52
Human T-cell Leukemia virus can cause
T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
53
Hep B and C virus can cause
Hepatocellular cercinomas
54
H-pylori bacteria can cause
B-cell lymphoma in the stomach
55
HPV is what
can cause squamous carcinoma of cervix, anogenital area, and pharynx/larynx - viral proteins E6 and E7 can get integrated into cell chromosome cause oncogenesis due to ----I TSG
56
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
can cause oncogenesis in B-cell lymphoma and other carcinomas (first virus seen to cause cancer) = EBNA2 protein form the virus upregulates oncogensis (activate TF) = LMP protein from virus ----> cell proliferation (inhibits apoptosis) *EBV causes ----I apoptosis, and increased replication of B-cells
57
most common cancer or type of B-cell lymphoma EBV can cause
the Burkitt lymphoma : IgH-MYC translocation due to increased B-cell proliferation
58
Burkitt lymphoma is a result of what
translocation of IgH-MYC of chromosome 8 and 14

MOD Midterm (9 decks)

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