Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What are neoplasms?

A

means “new growth”

uncontrolled growth of cells whose proliferation cannot be adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms

note: **not all neoplasms are tumors**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are human tumors classified?

A

Clinical classification

Histologic classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main differences between benign and malignant tumors?

A

**benign = **limited growth potential

  • sharply demarcated
  • often encapsulated
  • differentiated
  • uniform cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do tumors metastasize?

A

They can go

  • through lymphatics
  • via blood
  • by seeding
  • denotes a process in which cells move from one site to another in the body. benign tumors NEVER metastasize.*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List a few benign mesenchymal tumors and their malignant equivalents.

A

Mesenchymal = CT, muscles, bones

“oma”

fibroma/fibrosarcoma
lipoma/liposarcoma
hemangioma/angiosarcoma
osteoma/osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do carcinomas differ from sarcomas?

A

carcinoma = malignant tumor of epithelial cells

sarcoma = malignant tumors of mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define lymphoma, glioma, seminoma, and teratoma.

A

**teratoma = **benign tumor, embryonic cell

**seminoma = **malignant, testicular seminiferous epithelium

**glioma = **malignant, brain glial cells

**lymphoma = **malignant, lymphoid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List three eponymic tumors.

A
  • hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • ewing’s sarcoma (bones)
  • kaposi’s sarcoma (skin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between tumor staging and grading?

A

staging = clinically assessing the extent of tumor spread

grading = based on histological examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compare normal and malignant cells, taking into account their morphology, some basic biologic funcitons, and biochemical properties.

A

MAlignant cells have

  • simplified metabolism >> loss of highly specialized functions
  • there are no definitive biochemical tests to tell
  • may secrete fetal features (eg AFP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do tumor cells gow in vitro?

A

They can survive much longer than normal cells. “Immortal”

There is no contact inhibition, and the cells pile up to form aggregates and nodules. Have autocrine stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the most important exogenous and endogenous causes of cancer?

A

exogenous

  • chemicals
  • physical agents
  • viruses

endogenous

  • ## oncogenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do scientists identify potential human carcinogens?

A

begins with clinical observations . . . which are amplified by data obtained from epidemiological study . . . additional studies, experimental animal studies, in vitro studies . . .final goal is identification and isolation of cancer genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some chemical carcinogens and explain how they cause cancer.

A

Chemical enter the body and can act several ways

  • locally
  • at the site fo digestion in the intestines
  • at the site of metabolic activation in the liver
  • at the site of excretion in the urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare the carcinogenic action of oncogenic RNA and DNA viruses.

A

DNA viruses induce malignant transformation by integration into the genome.

Acute-transforming RNA viruses produce malignant transfromation by transduction.

Slow-transforming RNA viruses produce malignant transformation by transfection/insertion of promoter gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which human DNA viruses have been linked to cancer?

A
  • human pipilloma virus
  • EBV
  • Hepatitis B
  • Human T cell lymphoma/leukemia virus 1
17
Q

How do proto-oncogenes transform into oncogenes?

A

4 basic mechanisms

  1. point mutation
  2. gene amplification
  3. chromosomal rearrangement
  4. insertion of the viral genome
18
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes, and how do they cause cancer?

A

Tumor suppressor gene = regulatory genetic mechanisms that protect against activated/acquired oncogenes

mutations of the genes can lead to cancer and inability to suppress

19
Q

How does ultraviolet light cause cancer?

A

UV light damages the DNA of skin, thus causing mutations that lead to malignant transformation.

20
Q

Explain the role of heredity in the pathogenesis of cancer.

A

Tumor genes can be transferred through mendelian traits

21
Q

Describe the immune response to tumors and explain the clinical significance.

A

Tumor antigens can induce an immune response: **NK, B lymphocytes, T-cytotoxic cells, macrophages, neutrophils

22
Q

What are the common warning signs of neoplasia?

A

Change in bowel or bladder habits

A sore that does not heal

Unusual bleeding or discharge

Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, or elsewhere

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

Obvious change in the size, color, shape, or thickness of a wart, mole, or mouth sore

Nagging cough or hoarseness

23
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of common local symptoms of neoplasia.

A

As they grow, they compress adjacent tissues. Invasion of blood vessels and erosion of normal tissues. May cause narrowing or obstruction in lumens.

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tumor-induced cachexia and hypercoagulability of blood?

A

cachexia occurs b/c the cancer competes for nutrients and drains energy from the body.

hypercoagulability occurs b/c of tumor degredatoin or secretions

25
Q

Define paraneoplastic syndrome and provide specific examples of syndromes dominated by endocrine, hematologic, or neuromuscular changes.

A

paraneoplastic syndrome occurs when various substances are secreted by cancer cells . . . such as ACTH and parathyroid hormone

26
Q

List some risk factors for common cancers.

A

smoking, family history, promiscuity, hormal imbalance and treatment, sun exposure, fair skin, old age

27
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence of cancer.

A

incidence = number of new cases in a specific period and defined population

**prevalence = **number of _all cases _

28
Q

The incidence of which cancers has increased or decreased over the past 60 years?

A

increased

lung cancer
colon cancer

decreased
gastric cancer

29
Q

Discuss important safeguards against cancer.

A

breast: annual mammogram and breast exam @40

**lung: **stop smoking

colon: regular colorectal testing @50

cervix: beginning 3 yrs after becoming sexually active; regular PAP 1-2 yrs; @30, every 2-3 yrs if normal

**prostate: **@50, decide about testing

skin: avoid sun/tanning

oral: routine examination

30
Q

Cells exhibit new features not inherent to the tissue of their origin.

A

anaplasia

31
Q

variation in size and shape of tumor cell nuclei

A

pleomorphism

32
Q

Malignant vs. Benign

A

malignant = uncontrollable growth, kill host

  • infiltrate normal tissues
  • lack of borders
  • undifferentiated
  • heterogenous cells
  • reduced organelles

- high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

- hyperchromatic

- aneuploid (abn chromosomes)

- not specialized functions

33
Q

Benign tumors of epithelial cells

A

adenomas

34
Q

benign protuberant tumors of the skin

A

papillomas

Pathology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions