Nephrology Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Diagnostic tests for IgA vasculitis
A
Kidney or skin biopsy
MKSAP 20
2
Q
Hallmark urinalysis findings in the nephritic syndrome
A
Dysmorphic erythrocytes, erythrocyte casts
MKSAP 20
3
Q
Initial manifestation of DKD
A
Albuminuria
MKSAP 20
4
Q
Diagnosis for anion gap acidosis and Δ-Δ ratio >2
A
Concurrent metabolic alkalosis
MKSAP 20
5
Q
Immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis with normal complement levels
A
IgA nephropathy
MKSAP 20
6
Q
Treatment of acute symptomatic hyponatremia
A
100 mL of 3% saline
MKSAP 20
7
Q
Implication of glucosuria with no hyperglycemia
A
Proximal tubular dysfunction
MKSAP 20
8
Q
Urine sediment in ATN
A
Pigmented granular or muddy brown casts and tubular epithelial cells and casts
MKSAP 20
9
Q
Elements of the nephrotic syndrome
A
Proteinuria >3500 mg/d, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema
MKSAP 20
10
Q
Diagnostic imaging for nephrolithiasis
A
Noncontrast helical CT
MKSAP 20
11
Q
Compensation for metabolic acidosis
A
Pco2 = (1.5) [HCO3] + 8 ± 2
MKSAP 20
12
Q
Recurrent gross hematuria coexistent with URI
A
IgA nephropathy
MKSAP 20
13
Q
BP normal in doctor’s office, elevated otherwise
A
Masked hypertension
MKSAP 20
14
Q
Imaging test for suspected nephrolithiasis in patients with negative ultrasound
A
Noncontrast helical CT
MKSAP 20
15
Q
Decreased kidney function and diuretic-resistant HF
A
Cardiorenal syndrome
MKSAP 20
16
Q
PPI-related kidney disease
A
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
MKSAP 20
17
Q
Isovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia and urine osmolality <100 mOsm/kg H2O
A
Psychogenic polydipsia or poor solute intake
MKSAP 20
18
Q
Acceptable hypertension drugs during pregnancy
A
Methyldopa, nifedipine, labetalol
MKSAP 20
19
Q
Serum anion gap calculation
A
Serum Sodium – (Serum Chloride + Serum Bicarbonate)
MKSAP 20
20
Q
When to initiate screening for DKD in T2DM
A
Upon diagnosis
MKSAP 20
21
Q
Postrenal AKI imaging tests
A
Ultrasonography or noncontrast CT
MKSAP 20
22
Q
Medication for DKD and eGFR ≥20 to reduce kidney disease progression
A
SGLT2 inhibitor
MKSAP 20
23
Q
Recommended screening test for DKD
A
Urine albumin-creatinine ratio
MKSAP 20
24
Q
Most common cause of hypertonic hyponatremia
A
Hyperglycemia
MKSAP 20
25
Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy
IV isotonic saline; minimize contrast exposure
| MKSAP 20
26
Urine pH associated with struvite stones
>7.5
| MKSAP 20
27
Acid-base disorder associated with elevated PCO2
Respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis
| MKSAP 20
28
Diagnosis characterized by ESLD with portal hypertension, oliguric kidney failure, bland urine, low urine sodium
Hepatorenal syndrome
| MKSAP 20
29
Pregnancy >20 weeks' gestation, hypertension, proteinuria
Preeclampsia
| MKSAP 20
30
Drug therapy for lithium-induced arginine vasopressin resistance
Amiloride
| MKSAP 20
31
eGFR threshold for kidney transplant evaluation
20-29 mL/min/1.73 m2
| MKSAP 20
32
Δ-Δ ratio calculation
(Anion Gap − 12)/(25 – Bicarbonate)
| MKSAP 20
33
Medication for persistent albuminuria despite maximum RAS inhibition in DKD
Finerenone
| MKSAP 20
34
Diagnostic test for masked hypertension
Ambulatory or home BP monitoring
| MKSAP 20
35
Initial screening for ADPKD
Ultrasonography
| MKSAP 20
36
Initial screening test for primary aldosteronism
PAC/PRA
| MKSAP 20
37
Acute kidney injury, elevated serum CK; hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia
Rhabdomyolysis
| MKSAP 20
38
Causes of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis with high osmolal gap
Methanol, ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol
| MKSAP 20
39
Hypertension management for DKD
ACE inhibitor or ARB
| MKSAP 20
40
ADPKD-associated intracranial manifestation
Aneurysms
| MKSAP 20
41
Recommended equation to estimate GFR for most persons
2021 CKD-EPI creatinine equation
| MKSAP 20
42
Serum osmolality calculation
2 × Na+ + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 + Ethanol/4.6 (if present)
| MKSAP 20
43
Urine sediment with dysmorphic erythrocytes
Glomerular bleeding or glomerulonephritis
| MKSAP 20
44
Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis and short-bowel syndrome
D-lactic acidosis
| MKSAP 20
45
Urinalysis clues for glomerular hematuria
Dysmorphic erythrocytes, erythrocyte casts, proteinuria
| MKSAP 20
46
Nephropathy associated with highest risk of thrombosis
Membranous nephropathy
| MKSAP 20
47
Most common causes of AKI in hospitalized patients
Prerenal AKI and ATN
| MKSAP 20
48
Distinguishing arginine vasopressin deficiency from arginine vasopressin resistance
Response to desmopressin
| MKSAP 20
49
Leading cause of death in patients with CKD
Cardiovascular disease
| MKSAP 20
50
Medication to prevent preeclampsia in pregnant patients at high risk
Aspirin starting after 12 weeks of gestation
| MKSAP 20
51
Type 2 (proximal) RTA treatment
Bicarbonate ± thiazide diuretic
| MKSAP 20
52
Indication for immunosuppression for primary membranous nephropathy
Persistent nephrotic-range proteinuria after 6-12 months
| MKSAP 20
53
Acute respiratory alkalosis compensation
2 mEq ↓ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↓ Pco2
| MKSAP 20
54
Treatment for minimal change glomerulopathy
Glucocorticoids
| MKSAP 20
55
Kidney deposition disease characterized by Congo red staining on biopsy
Renal amyloidosis
| MKSAP 20
56
Rate of correction for chronic isovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia
4-6 mEq/L in 24 h
| MKSAP 20
57
Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) RTA treatment
Potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate
| MKSAP 20
58
Immediate treatment of severe hyperkalemia
IV calcium gluconate and insulin (with or without glucose)
| MKSAP 20
59
eGFR threshold to begin loop diuretic for BP control
<20-30 mL/min/1.73 m2
| MKSAP 20
60
Pathology findings in RPGN
Extensive glomerular crescents
| MKSAP 20
61
First-line treatment of high BP in euvolemic CKD
ACE inhibitor or ARB
| MKSAP 20
62
ECG sine wave pattern
Severe hyperkalemia
| MKSAP 20
63
Treatment of alcoholic ketoacidosis
Thiamine followed by 5% dextrose in saline
| MKSAP 20
64
BP high in doctor's office, normal otherwise
White coat hypertension
| MKSAP 20
65
CKD indication for bicarbonate therapy
Bicarbonate <18 mEq/L
| MKSAP 20
66
Diagnosis for normal anion gap metabolic acidosis with positive urine anion gap
Distal RTA
| MKSAP 20
67
Benign hereditary glomerular disease, hematuria, minimal proteinuria
Thin basement membrane disease
| MKSAP 20
68
Painful, necrotic skin lesions; small vessel calcification; ESKD
Calciphylaxis
| MKSAP 20
69
Acceptable increase in serum creatinine when taking an ACE inhibitor
Up to 30%
| MKSAP 20
70
Presence of pigmented or granular or muddy brown casts
Acute tubular necrosis
| MKSAP 20
71
Common medications that decrease creatinine secretion
Cimetidine, trimethoprim
| MKSAP 20
72
Metabolic alkalosis, normal volume status, urine chloride >15 mEq/L
Diuretic use, Bartter and Gitelman syndromes
| MKSAP 20
73
Initial treatment of white coat hypertension
Lifestyle modification
| MKSAP 20
74
First-line treatment of IgA nephropathy
ACE inhibitor or ARB
| MKSAP 20
75
Diagnosis that includes criteria for MGUS plus renal insufficiency
Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
| MKSAP 20
76
Goal BP for most adult patients
<130/80 mm Hg
| MKSAP 20
77
Urinalysis finding in ethylene glycol toxicity
Calcium oxalate crystals
| MKSAP 20
78
First-line treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
Medical management
| MKSAP 20
79
Dipstick results predictive of UTI
Positive leukocyte esterase and nitrates
| MKSAP 20
80
Skin findings of AKI-related atheroemboli
Livedo reticularis, blue toes, ulcerations
| MKSAP 20
81
ECG findings in hypokalemia
ST-segment depression, decreased T-wave amplitude, increased U-wave amplitude
| MKSAP 20
82
Most common cause of RPGN in older adults
ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis
| MKSAP 20
83
Hemoglobin threshold for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in CKD
<10 g/dL
| MKSAP 20
84
Diagnosis for anion gap acidosis and Δ-Δ ratio <0.5-1
Concurrent metabolic acidosis
| MKSAP 20
85
Flank pain, hematuria, and elevated LDH
Acute renal infarction
| MKSAP 20
86
Hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy without organ damage
Gestational hypertension
| MKSAP 20
87
Standard treatment of the nephrotic syndrome
ACE inhibitor or ARB, diuretics, statin
| MKSAP 20
88
Genetic markers for ADPKD
PKD1 and PKD2 genes
| MKSAP 20
89
Confirmatory test for abdominal compartment syndrome
Intra-abdominal pressure measurement
| MKSAP 20
90
Compensation for metabolic alkalosis
1 mEq ↑ HCO3 results in 0.7 mm Hg ↑ Pco2
| MKSAP 20
91
Chronic respiratory acidosis compensation
3.5 mEq ↑ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↑ Pco2
| MKSAP 20
92
Initial treatment for primary FSGS with nephrotic-range proteinuria
Glucocorticoids
| MKSAP 20
93
Definitive treatment for preeclampsia
Delivery
| MKSAP 20
94
Acute respiratory acidosis compensation
1 mEq ↑ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↑ Pco2
| MKSAP 20
95
Preferred thiazide to treat hypertension
Chlorthalidone
| MKSAP 20
96
Antihypertensive drugs contraindicated in pregnancy
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, direct renin inhibitors
| MKSAP 20
97
Early ECG signs of hyperkalemia
Peaked T waves and shortened QT interval
| MKSAP 20
98
Prerenal AKI FENa
<1%
| MKSAP 20
99
Initial treatment of rhabdomyolysis
IV normal saline
| MKSAP 20
100
Treatment of severe hypermagnesemia
IV saline and calcium
| MKSAP 20
101
Infection most commonly associated with cryoglobulinemia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Hepatitis C
| MKSAP 20
102
Preferred therapy for ESKD that increases duration and quality of life and decreases costs
Kidney transplantation
| MKSAP 20
103
BP threshold to begin treatment in pregnant patients with chronic HTN
SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg
| MKSAP 20
104
Urinalysis clue for urinary tract malignancy
Nonglomerular hematuria
| MKSAP 20
105
Treatment of hypertension with DM and albuminuria
ACE inhibitor or ARB
| MKSAP 20
106
Common presentation of anti-GBM antibody disease
RPGN plus pulmonary hemorrhage
| MKSAP 20
107
Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, positive urine anion gap, urine pH > 5.5, hypokalemia
Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) RTA
| MKSAP 20
108
Preferred marker of glomerular filtration when creatinine is likely inaccurate
Cystatin C
| MKSAP 20
109
Diagnostic test for white coat hypertension
Ambulatory or home BP monitoring
| MKSAP 20
110
Antibody associated with primary membranous nephropathy
Anti-PLA2R
| MKSAP 20
111
Glycosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, hypouricemia, RTA
Fanconi syndrome
| MKSAP 20
112
Urine anion gap calculation
(Urine Na+ + Urine K+) – Urine Cl-
| MKSAP 20
113
Causes of pseudohyperkalemia
Extreme leukocytosis or thrombocythemia
| MKSAP 20
114
Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity
IV fluids, fomepizole, hemodialysis
| MKSAP 20
115
Causes of metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia, low urine chloride
Vomiting, diuretic use
| MKSAP 20
116
Hepatorenal syndrome treatment
Stop diuretics; start albumin; start terlipressin or midodrine and octreotide
| MKSAP 20
117
Rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain, kidney disease
IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)
| MKSAP 20
118
Acid-base disorder associated with low PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis
| MKSAP 20
119
Kidney stone that develops with urine pH <5.5
Uric acid stones
| MKSAP 20
120
Electrolyte cause of refractory hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
| MKSAP 20
121
Recommended urine output to prevent recurrent stones
>2.5 L/24 h
| MKSAP 20
122
ATN FENa
>1%-2%
| MKSAP 20
123
Treatment of anti-GBM antibody disease
Plasmapheresis, glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This combination aims to remove harmful antibodies and suppress the immune response.
124
Presence of erythrocyte casts indicates
Glomerulonephritis
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Erythrocyte casts are indicative of glomerular damage and inflammation.
125
When to initiate screening for DKD in T1DM
5 years after diagnosis
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Early screening is crucial for early intervention in diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
126
Albumin-corrected anion gap calculation
Anion Gap + 2.5 × (Normal Albumin − Measured Albumin)
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This formula adjusts the anion gap based on albumin levels to assess metabolic acidosis more accurately.
127
Glomerular disease, sensorineural hearing loss, ocular disease
Hereditary nephritis (Alport disease)
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Alport syndrome is a genetic condition that affects the kidneys, hearing, and vision.
128
Treatment of struvite stone
Removal
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Struvite stones often require surgical intervention due to their size and association with urinary infections.
129
Chronic respiratory alkalosis compensation
4-5 mEq ↓ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↓ Pco2
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
The kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis by decreasing bicarbonate reabsorption.
130
Vascular diagnosis associated with abrupt hypertension in women aged <35 years
Fibromuscular dysplasia
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition can lead to renal artery stenosis and resultant hypertension.
131
Drug therapy for arginine vasopressin deficiency
Desmopressin
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus.
132
Urine dipstick positive for blood, no erythrocytes in sediment indicates
Myoglobinuria or hemoglobinuria
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This finding suggests muscle breakdown or hemolysis rather than a renal source of bleeding.
133
Obesity-related glomerular disease
Secondary FSGS
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can occur as a consequence of obesity.
134
KDIGO BP target for patients with CKD
SBP <120 mm Hg
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This target helps to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
135
Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, positive urine anion gap, hyperkalemia, urine pH <5.5 indicates
Type 4 (hyperkalemic distal) RTA
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition is characterized by impaired renal acid secretion and hyperkalemia.
136
Diagnostic test for lupus nephritis
Kidney biopsy
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
A kidney biopsy is essential for confirming the diagnosis and assessing the severity of lupus nephritis.
137
Hypernatremia, elevated serum osmolality, inability to concentrate urine indicates
Arginine vasopressin disorder
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This disorder can result from insufficient secretion or action of vasopressin, leading to water loss.
138
Most common cause of hypernatremia
Loss of hypotonic body fluids
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Causes include excessive sweating, diarrhea, or inadequate water intake.
139
Systolic BP target for hypertensive emergency and severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, or pheochromocytoma
<140 mm Hg in first hour
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Rapid control of blood pressure is critical in these conditions to prevent complications.
