Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
Indication for dopamine transporter scan
A
Differentiate Parkinson disease from essential tremor or drug-induced parkinsonism
MKSAP 20
2
Q
Common causes of subacute combined degeneration
A
Vitamin B12 and copper deficiencies
MKSAP 20
3
Q
Target SBP in intracerebral hemorrhage
A
130 to 150 mm Hg
MKSAP 20
4
Q
Posthypoxic positive and negative myoclonus with action and gait
A
Lance-Adams syndrome
MKSAP 20
5
Q
Refractory daily headaches with triptan, ergot alkaloid, opioid, or combination analgesic use ≥10 days/month
A
Medication overuse headache
MKSAP 20
6
Q
Acute-onset headache, proptosis, periorbital edema, ophthalmoplegia
A
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
MKSAP 20
7
Q
Procedure confirming normal-pressure hydrocephalus diagnosis
A
Lumbar puncture and large-volume CSF removal
MKSAP 20
8
Q
Outpatient test for embolic stroke of undetermined source
A
Prolonged cardiac monitoring
MKSAP 20
9
Q
Method for diagnosing NCSE
A
Continuous EEG monitoring
MKSAP 20
10
Q
Bell palsy treatment
A
Prednisone
MKSAP 20
11
Q
Adjuvant therapy for catamenial seizures
A
Progestin-containing oral contraceptives or acetazolamide
MKSAP 20
12
Q
Most common/disabling symptom of mild TBI
A
Headache
MKSAP 20
13
Q
Acute subdural hematoma surgery indications
A
Hematoma >10 mm, GCS score <9, pupillary asymmetry/fixation
MKSAP 20
14
Q
Respiratory function monitoring in GBS
A
Serial FVC and negative inspiratory force
MKSAP 20
15
Q
Management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis
A
Statin therapy
MKSAP 20
16
Q
Nondrug management for ICU delirium
A
Early mobilization, family engagement, catheter removal, visual/hearing aids, calm redirection
MKSAP 20
17
Q
Threshold migraine frequency for consideration of preventive medication
A
4 days/month
MKSAP 20
18
Q
ALS drug treatment
A
Riluzole, edaravone, sodium phenylbutyrate–taurursodiol
MKSAP 20
19
Q
Goal BP after stroke thrombolysis
A
<180/105 mm Hg
MKSAP 20
20
Q
Emergent treatment of brain herniation
A
Elevation of the head of the bed, hyperventilation, mannitol, glucocorticoids
MKSAP 20
21
Q
Carpal tunnel syndrome surgery indications
A
Weakness, thenar atrophy, refractory pain, active denervation on EMG/nerve conduction studies
MKSAP 20
22
Q
Indication for stenting in intracranial atherosclerosis for secondary stroke prevention
A
None
MKSAP 20
23
Q
Primary progressive MS treatment
A
Ocrelizumab
MKSAP 20
24
Q
Factors that can cause seizures in patients without epilepsy
A
Provoking factors
MKSAP 20
25
Essential tremor drug treatment
Propranolol, primidone, or topiramate
| MKSAP 20
26
Seizures not treated with ASDs
Alcohol- or benzodiazepine-withdrawal seizures
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
ASDs refer to antiepileptic drugs.
27
Initial Parkinson disease therapy for motor symptoms
Levodopa
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Levodopa is often combined with carbidopa to enhance its effectiveness.
28
Chorea, ataxia, psychiatric disease, parkinsonism, dementia
Huntington disease
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Huntington disease is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene.
29
MRI findings in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Parietal and occipital white matter edema, occasionally intracranial hemorrhage
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This syndrome is often associated with conditions like hypertension and eclampsia.
30
Leading mechanisms of TBI in older persons
Falls, motor vehicle collisions, accidental blows to the head
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
TBI stands for traumatic brain injury.
31
Initial test to determine candidacy for epilepsy surgery
Video EEG monitoring
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This test helps to localize the seizure focus.
32
Rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, gait problems, visual compromise
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This disease is a type of prion disease.
33
First-line treatments for relapsing-remitting MS
Ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
MS stands for multiple sclerosis.
34
Upper and lower motor neuron signs without sensory involvement
ALS
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
ALS stands for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
35
Test for suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage and normal head CT scan
Lumbar puncture
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This test can detect xanthochromia in the cerebrospinal fluid.
36
Preventive medication for tension-type headache
Amitriptyline
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant.
37
Test for PNES
Video EEG monitoring
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
PNES stands for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.
38
ASD that should be used cautiously in older patients
Valproate
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Valproate can have significant side effects in older populations.
39
Emergent pharmacologic treatment of brain tumor–related herniation
Dexamethasone
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation.
40
Medication for cognitive symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (off-label use)
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Common medications include donepezil and rivastigmine.
41
Typical duration of mild TBI symptoms
Within 7-10 days
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Mild TBI is often referred to as a concussion.
42
Migraine aura subtypes
Typical, brainstem, hemiplegic, retinal
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Each subtype has distinct clinical features.
43
Red flags for secondary headache
New, different, or progressive headache; abrupt, positional, or exertional onset
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
These symptoms may indicate a serious underlying condition.
44
Monthly threshold for simple analgesic use for diagnosing medication overuse headache
≥15 days/month
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition is also known as rebound headache.
45
Unprovoked seizure treatment indications
Two unprovoked seizures or one unprovoked seizure with EEG or MRI abnormalities
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This is a key criterion for starting antiepileptic therapy.
46
Treatment for migraine unresponsive to NSAIDs over three episodes
Triptans
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Triptans are a class of medications specifically designed for migraine relief.
47
Diagnostic test for periodic limb movements of sleep
Polysomnography
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This test monitors brain waves, oxygen levels, heart rate, and breathing.
48
Subacute transient shoulder pain followed by progressive weakness
Idiopathic brachial plexitis
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition is also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome.
49
Treatment of statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy
Immunosuppression and discontinuation of statin
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition can lead to muscle weakness and pain.
50
Mnemonic for migraine characteristics
POUND (Pulsatile quality, One-day duration, Unilateral location, Nausea/vomiting, Disabling intensity)
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This mnemonic helps in identifying migraine features.
51
Evaluation for restless legs syndrome
Ferritin, iron studies
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Ferritin and iron studies help assess for iron deficiency, which can be a contributing factor in restless legs syndrome.
52
Earliest timing for withdrawing blood pressure therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
After 48 hours
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This timing is critical to manage blood pressure and reduce the risk of rebleeding.
53
Definition of drug-resistant epilepsy
Continued seizures in patients taking ≥2 ASDs
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
ASDs refer to antiepileptic drugs.
54
First-line drug treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Acetazolamide
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Topiramate may also be used for its weight-loss benefits.
55
Sleep disorder characterized by triple-flexion leg kicks
Periodic limb movements of sleep
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition often disrupts sleep and can lead to daytime sleepiness.
56
Brain pathology findings in athletes retired from contact sports
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition is associated with repetitive head trauma.
57
Symptoms of POEMS syndrome
Peripheral neuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, skin changes
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome.
58
Characteristics of idiopathic transverse myelitis
Complete myelitis, no CSF oligoclonal bands or IgG index, no brain MRI lesions
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition often presents with acute neurological deficits.
59
Imaging modalities for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Brain MRI, cranial and cervical MRA or CTA
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
These imaging studies help visualize vascular changes in the brain.
60
Symptoms of subacute combined degeneration from severe vitamin B12 deficiency
Paresthesias, reduced vibration/position sense, ataxia; spasticity/paraplegia if severe
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Vitamin B12 is crucial for neurological function.
61
Contraindications for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Bradycardia, hypotension
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
These conditions can be exacerbated by the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
62
Movement disorder related to dopamine-blocking agents
Tardive dyskinesia
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition is characterized by involuntary movements and can be a side effect of long-term antipsychotic use.
63
Description of occipital neuralgia
Acute, unilateral, lancinating posterior headache with movement of cervical spine
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Occipital neuralgia is often due to irritation or injury of the occipital nerves.
64
Indications for surgery in asymptomatic saccular aneurysms
>12 mm (anterior circulation); >7 mm (posterior circulation)
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
These sizes are considered thresholds for surgical intervention to prevent rupture.
65
Treatment for primary cough headache and primary stabbing headache
Indomethacin
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug effective for these headache types.
66
Clinical syndrome associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This syndrome includes cognitive, mood, and behavioral changes.
67
Active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis treatment
Disease-modifying therapy, e.g., ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
These therapies aim to slow disease progression.
68
Preferred study for evaluating internal carotid artery stenosis
Duplex ultrasonography
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This non-invasive test assesses blood flow and vessel narrowing.
69
Neurologic complication of natalizumab therapy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This serious condition is caused by the JC virus in immunocompromised patients.
70
Initial treatment of idiopathic transverse myelitis
IV methylprednisolone
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
High-dose corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation.
71
Test for Miller-Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome
Antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside protein
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This test helps confirm the diagnosis of the variant.
72
Test in biopsy-inaccessible suspected primary CNS lymphoma
Vitreous or cerebrospinal fluid sampling
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
These samples can provide diagnostic information when a biopsy is not possible.
73
Diagnosis suggested by seizures, mesial temporal sclerosis, and hippocampal atrophy on MRI
Temporal lobe epilepsy
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This type of epilepsy is often associated with structural brain changes.
74
Screening test for backward falls in Parkinson disease
Pull test
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This test assesses postural stability and risk of falls.
75
Diagnosis indicated by language loss before cognitive dysfunction
Primary progressive aphasia
| MKSAP 20
## Footnote
This condition primarily affects language abilities while sparing other cognitive functions initially.
76
Typical temporal lobe epilepsy symptoms
Aura, loss of awareness, staring, behavioral arrest, amnesia
| MKSAP 20
77
Infrequent, short durations of altered awareness manifested as staring episodes
Focal unaware seizures
| MKSAP 20
78
Medications that may exacerbate myasthenia gravis
Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, magnesium, β-blockers, hydroxychloroquine
| MKSAP 20
79
Shaking, tunnel vision, <1 min loss of consciousness, immediate recovery
Convulsive syncope
| MKSAP 20
80
MS fatigue drug treatment
Modafinil, armodafinil (off-label use), amantadine (off-label use), methylphenidate (off-label use)
| MKSAP 20
81
Autoimmune cause of chorea, psychosis, seizures, autonomic instability
Anti-NMDAR antibody encephalitis
| MKSAP 20
82
Antiplatelets for secondary prevention of noncardioembolic stroke
Aspirin, clopidogrel, or aspirin-dipyridamole
| MKSAP 20
83
Sequelae of mild TBI in military personnel
PTSD, depression, anxiety, insomnia, cognitive and balance disorders
| MKSAP 20
84
Management of unceasing CSE after IV benzodiazepine and ASD
Intubation; anesthetically induced coma for 24-48 h (propofol, midazolam, or pentobarbital)
| MKSAP 20
85
Clue for epilepsy in a patient with a new-onset seizure
History of staring events or myoclonus
| MKSAP 20
86
ASD associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, DIHS (DRESS)
Lamotrigine
| MKSAP 20
87
Trigeminal neuralgia treatment
Carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine
| MKSAP 20
88
Most common form of genetic generalized epilepsy in adults
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
| MKSAP 20
89
CSF findings that predict Alzheimer disease
Decreased amyloid-β peptide, increased total and phosphorylated tau
| MKSAP 20
90
Blood tests for slowly progressive dementia
CMP, CBC, vitamin B12, 25-hyhdroxyvitamin D, TSH; consider treponemal antibody test
| MKSAP 20
91
GBS treatment
Plasmapheresis or IVIG
| MKSAP 20
92
Woman of childbearing age with obesity, headaches, visual symptoms, pulsatile tinnitus
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)
| MKSAP 20
93
Confirmatory test for nonconvulsive status epilepticus
Continuous video EEG monitoring
| MKSAP 20
94
Initial Parkinson disease therapy for patients aged <60 years with high dyskinesia risk
Pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine
| MKSAP 20
95
Head injury, lucid interval, rapid neurologic compromise
Epidural hematoma
| MKSAP 20
96
Flaccid paralysis with preserved vibration and position sense after prolonged aortic surgery
Anterior spinal artery infarct
| MKSAP 20
97
Imaging modality of choice for TBI
Noncontrast head CT
| MKSAP 20
98
MRI findings of normal-pressure hydrocephalus
Enlarged sylvian fissure, compacted subarachnoid spaces, ventriculomegaly, no cortical atrophy
| MKSAP 20
99
Cluster headache prophylaxis options
Verapamil, galcanezumab
| MKSAP 20
100
Treatment of ischemic stroke–related symptomatic cerebral edema
Decompressive hemicraniectomy
| MKSAP 20
101
Required monitoring with fingolimod therapy
Ophthalmologic (macular edema) and skin (basal cell carcinoma) examinations
| MKSAP 20
102
Threshold stenosis for carotid endarterectomy for secondary stroke prevention
70%; 50-69% with high-risk features
| MKSAP 20
103
Safe options for headache treatment in pregnancy
Acetaminophen, low-dose aspirin, diphenhydramide, metoclopramide
| MKSAP 20
104
Initial treatment of ocular and mild generalized myasthenia
Pyridostigmine
| MKSAP 20
105
Evaluation of first unprovoked seizure
MRI and EEG
| MKSAP 20
106
MS medication for impaired mobility
Dalfampridine
| MKSAP 20
107
Objective cognitive decline without significant functional decline
Mild cognitive impairment
| MKSAP 20
108
Short-term acute therapy for cardioembolic stroke before anticoagulation
Aspirin
| MKSAP 20
109
Diabetes-related acute truncal dermatomal pain and paresthesia
Diabetic mononeuropathy
| MKSAP 20
110
Cognitive impairment that interferes with ADLs
Dementia
| MKSAP 20
111
Mild to moderate Alzheimer disease drug treatment
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
| MKSAP 20
112
Diagnosis suggested by dementia, apathy, disinhibition, changes in eating behaviors, hyperorality, compulsiveness
Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia
| MKSAP 20
113
Tension-type headache treatments
Acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs, caffeine-containing compounds
| MKSAP 20
114
Antibody test in myasthenia gravis with weakness of cervical extension
Anti–muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK)
| MKSAP 20
115
Slow, nonrandom, repetitive, directional twisting and posturing movements
Dystonia
| MKSAP 20
116
Preferred imaging for subacute/chronic headaches with progressive features
Brain MRI
| MKSAP 20
117
Treatment for postdural puncture headache
Bed rest, caffeine; epidural blood patch if refractory or severe
| MKSAP 20
118
Most common cause of thunderclap headache
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
| MKSAP 20
119
Diagnostic evaluation following central or branch retinal artery occlusion
Urgent evaluation for carotid artery stenosis and cardioembolic disease
| MKSAP 20
120
Action and rest tremor, dystonia, a null point
Dystonic tremor
| MKSAP 20
121
Preferred ASD in persons with potential for pregnancy
Levetiracetam, lamotrigine, or oxcarbazepine
| MKSAP 20
122
Cognitive impairment and personality changes after repetitive head trauma
Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome
| MKSAP 20
123
Acute neck pain, eye pain, partial Horner syndrome, ipsilateral cerebral ischemia
Carotid artery dissection
| MKSAP 20
124
CSE therapy for a fosphenytoin-intolerant patient
IV benzodiazepine, then IV levetiracetam or valproate
| MKSAP 20
125
Typical duration of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure
1-3 minutes
| MKSAP 20
126
What condition is characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia, and falls?
Multiple system atrophy
| MKSAP 20
127
What is the treatment for metastatic spinal cord compression?
High-dose glucocorticoids, decompressive surgery and/or radiation therapy
| MKSAP 20
128
What effect do first-generation neuroleptics have in dementia with Lewy bodies?
Worsening of symptoms resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome
| MKSAP 20
129
What are the best treatments for epilepsy in older patients?
Gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam
| MKSAP 20
130
What adverse events are associated with dopamine agonists?
Psychosis, impulse control disorder, sleep attacks, confusion
| MKSAP 20
131
What are the indications for meningioma resection?
Neurologic deficits, drug-resistant seizures, severe headaches, peritumoral edema
| MKSAP 20
132
What is the standard treatment for MS relapse?
High-dose glucocorticoids
| MKSAP 20
133
What symptoms are associated with McArdle disease and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency?
Exercise-induced weakness, cramping, myoglobinuria
| MKSAP 20
134
What is involved in the expedited evaluation for TIA?
ICA imaging and monitoring for atrial fibrillation
| MKSAP 20
135
Which ASDs have mood-stabilizing effects?
Lamotrigine, valproate
| MKSAP 20
136
What is the black-box warning of antipsychotics in patients with dementia?
Increased morbidity and mortality
| MKSAP 20
137
What condition is indicated by new-onset status epilepticus and subacute progressive confusion?
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis
| MKSAP 20
138
What genetic test is used for familial amyloidosis?
Transthyretin (TTR) genetic testing
| MKSAP 20
139
What test is recommended for suspected spinal cord compression?
Emergent MRI
| MKSAP 20
140
Which ASD is associated with anovulation and PCOS?
Valproate
| MKSAP 20
141
What is the definition of a thunderclap headache?
Abrupt-onset, severe headache reaching maximum intensity within 1 minute
| MKSAP 20
142
What are potential physical exam findings in subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Confusion, somnolence, nuchal rigidity, unilateral pupillary dilation, subhyaloid hemorrhages on funduscopy
| MKSAP 20
143
What is the drug treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Nimodipine
| MKSAP 20
144
What is the treatment for vascular dementia?
Cerebrovascular risk factor modification, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and/or NMDA antagonists
| MKSAP 20
145
What are the drug therapies for Tourette syndrome?
Aripiprazole, clonidine, guanfacine, topiramate, levetiracetam, tetrabenazine
| MKSAP 20
146
What are the signs of basilar skull fracture?
Periorbital or mastoid bruising, hemotympanum
| MKSAP 20
147
What is the initial treatment of CSE?
IV benzodiazepine or IM midazolam, then IV fosphenytoin
| MKSAP 20
148
What is the treatment for VTE in CNS malignancy?
Therapeutic low-molecular-weight heparin
| MKSAP 20
