Nephrology Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is the approximate GFR for a neonate?
20-30ml/min/1.73 m^2
What is the approximate GFR for a 2yr old?
Equal to an adult: ie around 90-120ml/min/1.73 m^2
What are the 5 main functions of the kidneys?
- Waste handling
- Water handling
- Salt balance
- Acid base control
- Endocrine (RBCs/BP/Bone health)
What are the three main components of the glomerular filtration barrier?
- Fenestrasted endothelial cells
- Glomerular basement membrane
- Podocytes
What may frothy urine suggest?
Proteinuria
What does proteinuria signify?
Glomerular injury
What syndrome is increasing proteinuria associated with?
Nephrotic syndrome
What syndrome is increasing haematuria associated with?
Nephritic syndrome
Which conditions affect the podocytes of the glomerulus?
Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
FSGS
Lupus
Which conditions affect the basement membrane of the glomerulus?
Post Infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN)
Membranous glomerulopathy, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - MPGN
Which conditions affect the endothelial cells of the glomerulus?
Post Infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN)
Haemolytic Uraemis Syndrome (HUS)
(MPGN
Lupus)
Which conditions affect the mesangial cells of the glomerulus?
HSP (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)
IgA nephropahty
Lupus
List some congenital glomerulopathies
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Alport syndrome
Thin basement membrane disease
MPGN
In a urine dipstix, what would abnormal protein be?
> = 3
What Protein Creatinine Ratio would indicate nephrotic syndrome?
> 250 mg/mmol
Normal = <20
How much proteinuria would be considered nephrotic in a 24 hour urine collection for children?
> 1g/m²/24hrs
Normal = <60mg
What are some side effects from high dose glucocorticoids in children?
- Behaviour change
- Mood lability
- Sleep disturbance
- Infection risk (Antibiotic prophylaxis)
- Hypertension
List some causes of haematuria
Systemic clotting disorders Renal glomerulonephritis Tumour (Wilm's nephroblastoma) Cysts Malignancies - sarcomas Stone UTI Trauma Urethritis
What conditions are associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Minimal change disease
FSGS
MPGN
What conditions are associated with nephritic syndrome?
Post infectious GN
HSP/IgA
Lupus
What factors may affect progression of CKD?
Late referral Hypertension Proteinuria High intake of protein, phosphate and salt Bone health -PTH -Phosphate Acidosis Recurrent UTIs
What can be use for BP monitoring?
- Sphigmanometer
- Oscilliometry
- 24 hr ABPM
What are some systemic presentations of paediatric urological problems?
- Fever, vomiting
- Failure to thrive
- Anaemia
- Hypertension
- Renal failure
What are some suggested advantages to circumcision?
- UTI risk reduction?
- Malignancy reduction?
- Sexual enhancement?
- STDs?
But no evidence of medical benefit!
