What are XP proteins involved in?
- Damage recognition
- Unwinding of DNA
- Cutting either side of the damage
What are the subunits of TFIIH?
- XPD
- XPB
- TTDA
(TFIIH encoded by the genes of the proteins above)
What is the role of TFIIH?
Has roles in both nucleotide excision repair and transcription
What is TTD?
Trichothiodystrophy is a transcription syndrome
What do CS proteins recruit and why?
- NER proteins = enable NER at the site where RNA polymerase is stalled at the damage
- Chromatin remodellers = enable RNA polymerase to be pushed back so that NER proteins can be recruited to the site of damage on the mRNA
What are the first steps of GG-NER pathway (up to damage verification)? STEP 1
- XPE-DDB1 then XPC recognises the damage
- TFIIH recruited to the site of damage, which opens up the structure
- XPA-RPA helicase recruited to the site of damage to verify the damage and to position everything properly
What happens after damage verification in GG-NER pathway? STEP 2
- XPG nuclease cuts the damage at the 3’ site independently of XPA but dependant on XPC
- ERCC1 and XPF heterodimer nuclease cuts the damage at 5’ site
What are the last steps of the GG-NER pathway (after cutting at sites)? STEP 3
- Cleavage of the backbone of DNA, removing 25-30 bases
- DNA polymerase fills the gap
- DNA ligase seals everything
What is XPC and what does it do?
It is a general recognition factor and it must detect 1 damaged base in 1 million undamaged bases
What is not well recognized by XPC?
CPD (64PP is recognized well?)
What is DDB?
It is a heterodimer made up of DDB1 and DDB2, this makes up the whole XPE protein
What is the structure of DDB1?
DDB1 = 3 domains
What does DDB2 do?
It is part of the XP protein that recognised the damage in DNA
What does DDB actually do?
- Binds to damage, rotates and ubiquitinates chromatin proteins
- Ubiquitinates and recruits XPC to damaged site
- DDB also self ubiquitinates but this leads to its own degredation
Is XPE expressed in rodent cells?
NO.
Are human mutated XPE cells sensitive to UV?
They are only midly sensitive to killing by UV
What is the structure of XPC/RAD4?
- Has lots of domains
- One part binds to the double stranded DNA?
- BHD (beta hairpin domain) binds to the unpaired bases on the other side?????
What is TFIIH?
It is a transcription initiation factor
How many subunits does TFIIH have?
10
Name a subunit of TFIIH?
XPB
How was XPB discovered?
- Isolated P89
- Gene was cloned
- Then it was sequenced
= turned out to be XPB
What does TFIIH actually do?
- Opens up promotor site in transcription
- Has helicase activity but this isn’t actually needed in NER
What is XPA homologous to?
Yeast RAD14
What do XPA and XPC knockout mice show?
Sensitivity to UV light and susceptibility to UV carcinogenesis
What does XPA bind strongly to?
To UV irradiated DNA
What actually is XPA?
It is a zinc finger protein
What proteins in the NER pathway are vital for survival in mice?
ERCC1, XPF, XPG
Because when KO in mice, they barely survive
What does ERCC1 need to work?
XPA and XPC
Describe the first mechanism to repair damage in the TC-NER pathway in E.coli
- RNA polymerase gets to site of damage and gets blocked (can’t move futher and stops NER proteins from fixing damage)
- Recruitment of TRCF (transcription repair coupling protein) by RNA pol
- TRCF dissociates from RNA pol and mRNA comes off DNA = empty DNA strand
- TRCF recruits UVR A2B2 heterotetrimer complex
- UVRB recruited damage on mRNA, then recruits UVRC to do its thing then whole NER pathway will happen
Describe the alternative mechansim of TC-NER pathway
- UVRD helicase and NusA push back the RNA polymerase
2. UVRA and UVRB come and reapir the damge
What is XPD?
A helicase
How many domains does XPD have?
7 conserved domains
What do XPD mutations cause?
- XP = affects the activity of the protein which would affect transcription
- TTD = affects the stability of the complex itself
Describe TTD symptoms in mice?
Stunted growth and hair loss due to missing base in XPD gene
Describe the TC-NER pathway in humans
- RNApol II reaches site of damage
- Weakly bound to CSB and XPG protein
- RNApol gets blocked by damage = this is a signal for TC-NER
- CSB proteins tightly bind to RNApol = recruits chromatin remodellers (around histones/non-histone proteins) that recruit CSA
- Remodellers removes proteins behind RNApol = can be pushed back
= Now NER proteins can be recruited to carry on rest of NER process independantly of XPC/XPE