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Physiology of the Human Cell > Nerve cells and Connections 2 > Flashcards

Nerve cells and Connections 2 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What systems are in the PNS

A

Autonomic nervous system and Somatic Nervous system

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2
Q

What systems are in the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric

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3
Q

What are Gyrus and Sulcus

A

lumps and bumps of the brain

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4
Q

What is the cerebellum and what is the purposeof it

A

smaller part at the back of the brain and it does motor control

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5
Q

where is the cerebrum

A

the larger part at the back of the brain

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6
Q

what does the frontal lobe control

A

speech and movement

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7
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

controls hearing

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8
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A

somatic sensory cortex –> sensation

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9
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

involves in vision

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10
Q

difference between thalamus and hypothalamus

A

thalamus is where most sensory inputs go
hypothalamus is the control of basic function

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11
Q

what does the presynaptic terminal do

A

releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

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12
Q

what do neurotransmitters do after diffusing into the synaptic cleft

A

it will bind onto the receptors of the target cell or bind onto other neurons

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13
Q

what are the types of neurons

A

bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar and anaxonic

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14
Q

bipolar and pseudounipolar are classed as what type of neurons

A

afferent (sensory) neurons

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15
Q

multipolar and anaxonic are classed as what types of nerons

A

interneurons

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16
Q

describe the difference in multipolar neurons in interneurons and motor neurons

A

in interneurons, there is a large number of dendrites, to receieve inputs from a large number of neurons
in motor neurons, they have long axons so they can get to their target

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17
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

maintain external environment for the neurons

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18
Q

how do astrocytes maintain external environment for the neurons

A

regulating the water and potassium concentrations in the intracellular fluid

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19
Q

what are oilgodendrocytes

A

they form myelin sheaths on many axons in the CNS

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20
Q

what are microglia

A

immune cells (hoover up infections)

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21
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

produce the cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain

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22
Q

what are the glia cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

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23
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

forms myelin sheaths on ONE axon

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24
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

support neuron cell bodies

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25
what are the three types of potentials
resting, graded and action
26
what do action potentials do
transmit electrical signals over long distances
27
what do graded potentials do
decide when an action potential should be fires - by depolarizing the cell to threshold
28
what does the resting membrane potential do
keeps cell ready to respond
29
what is a potential difference
the difference of charge between inside and outside the cell
30
how does a resting membrane potential happen
when the electrical gradient is equal and opposite to the concentration gradient - equilibrium is reached
31
what is the charge of the resting membrane potential for a typical neuron
-70mV
32
charges of potassium, sodium and chlorine inside and outside of a cell
K+ - 150, 5 Na+ - 15, 150 Cl- - 10, 110
33
what voltage does the cell have to reach to fire an action potential
-55mV
34
where do end plate potentials happen
NMJ
35
where do generator potentials happen
at the sensory receptors
36
where do postsynaptic potentials happed
at synapses (at the end - after the diffusion of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cleft)
37
what are the 4 types of graded potentials
generator, postsynaptic, end plate and pacemaker
38
what does it mean if graded potentials are decremental
electrical signal become smaller as they travel along the axon
39
what are the characteristics of graded potentials
they are decremental (decay as they travel) they can summate (be added together) hyperpolarizing or depolarizing (can excite or inhibit a cell)
40
what channels can you open/close to depolarize the cell
the opening of sodium channels and closing of potassium channels
41
what channels can you close/open to hyperpolarize the cell
the opening of potassium channels and the opening of chloride channels and the closing of sodium channels
42
what types of channels are used for fast IPSPs and EPSPs
integral ion channels
43
what kind of receptors are used for fast IPSPs and EPSPs
ionotropic receptors
44
what kind of receptors are used for slow IPSPs and EPSPs
G-coupled proteins - metabotropic receptors
45
why are metabotropic receptors slow
G-protein is used and it takes them a while to find the potassium channels to open/close them
46
in fast EPSPs what type of channel is used
non-specific monovalent cation channel (+1)
47
what is the difference between temporal and spatial summation
temporal involves in single presynaptic neuron rapid fire signal spatial involves multiple presynaptic neurons simultaneously
48
what does it mean if the permeability is high/low
high - a lot of channels are open low - few channels are open
49
what is the term called when a cell absolutely cannot generate another action potential
the refractory period
50
what is an axial resistance
when electrical current flows more easily down a large diameter axon than a small axon
51
what is saltory conduction
action potentials spread passively from node to node and still reach threshold
52
what is Guillain-Barré syndrome
demyelination in the PNS
53
the largest type of axons to the smallest
A-alpha, A-Beta, A-gamma, A-???, C
54
where does the NMJ synapse
between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle
55
what is a the skeletal muscle membrane called
sarcolemma
56
what triggers the diffusion of ACh in the NMJ
the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminals
57
ACh diffuses across the NMJ synaptic cleft and binds to what
ACh (nicotinic) receptors
58
what is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine after an end plate potential happens
acetycholinesterase
59
what is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate
60
most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
61
most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
glycine
62
all the classes of neurotransmitter in the CNS
amines, amino acids, peptides, purines and gases
63
axo-somatic synapses are usually ...
inhibitory
64
axo-dendric synapses are usually ...
excitatory
65
how do polysynaptic reflexes differ from a monosynaptic reflexes
instead of sensory neurons directly synapsing onto the motor neuron, they synapes on interneurons
66
what do interneurons do
they influence the behaviour of the motor neurons
67
muscle spindle (stretch) reflex is an example of what type of reflex
monosynaptic reflex
68
what is the bulk of the muscle called
extrafusal muscle
69
what is the purpose of the muscle spindle (stretch) reflex
to keep you muscles the same length
70
what does it mean if a neuron is tonically active
its always firing action potentials
71
when muscles get stretched, what happens to the rate of action potential
it increases
72
scenario: what happens to your muscle when you get more load on you biceps
when your arm goes down a bit, that's when your muscles are being stretched, which causes more firing of action potential to bring the extrafusal muscle back to original length
73
muscle spindle (stretch) reflex is what type of feedback
negative
74
how are extrafusal fibers innervated
by alpha motor neurons
75
how are intrafusal fibers innervated
by gamma motor neurons
76
what is the purpose of the golgi tendon organ
a mechanism to ensure that excessive tension does not damage the cell
77
what type of reflex does the golgi tendon organ use
polysynaptic
78
what is the nociceptor known for
detecting a damaging or potentially damaging stimuli
79
what does the flexion (and crossed extensor) reflex do
a mechanism to remove a limb from a damaging/potentially damaging stimuli, and not fall over
80
in flexion (and crossed extensor) reflex, what type of receptors detect the stimulus
nociceptors
81
what is the purpose of the basal ganglia
it details the exact movements
82
what does dopeminergic mean
the neurons release are dopamine
83
what happens if there is an over activity of dopaminergic neurons
schizophrenia
84
what does L-DOPA do
its to treat patients with Parkinson's disease
85
how does L-DOPA treat parkinson's disease
L-DOPA can cross the blood-brain barrier and then it gets converted into dopamine which will then stimulate dopaminergic pathways
86
what is the fiber that comes before the ganglion in the autonomic nervous system
preganglionic fiber
87
what is the fiber that comes after the ganglion in the autonomic nervous system
postganglionic fiber
88
what can the postganglionic fibers innervate
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and GI neurons
89
NMJ is in what system
somatic nervous system
90
what are the bumps called on the postganglionic fibers
variscosities
91
where are the neurotransmitter release in the ANS
interstitial fluid
92
what is the sympathetic nervous system used for
fight or flight
93
what is the parasympathetic nervous system used for
rest and digest
94
what receptors does acetylcholine act on
cholinergic, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
95
what receptors does noradrenalin act on
adrenergic, alpha and beta receptors

Physiology of the Human Cell (3 decks)

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