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Physiology of the Human Cell > Nerve cells and Connections 2 > Flashcards

Nerve cells and Connections 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What systems are in the PNS

A

Autonomic nervous system and Somatic Nervous system

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2
Q

What systems are in the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric

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3
Q

What are Gyrus and Sulcus

A

lumps and bumps of the brain

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4
Q

What is the cerebellum and what is the purposeof it

A

smaller part at the back of the brain and it does motor control

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5
Q

where is the cerebrum

A

the larger part at the back of the brain

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6
Q

what does the frontal lobe control

A

speech and movement

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7
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

controls hearing

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8
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A

somatic sensory cortex –> sensation

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9
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

involves in vision

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10
Q

difference between thalamus and hypothalamus

A

thalamus is where most sensory inputs go
hypothalamus is the control of basic function

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11
Q

what does the presynaptic terminal do

A

releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

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12
Q

what do neurotransmitters do after diffusing into the synaptic cleft

A

it will bind onto the receptors of the target cell or bind onto other neurons

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13
Q

what are the types of neurons

A

bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar and anaxonic

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14
Q

bipolar and pseudounipolar are classed as what type of neurons

A

afferent (sensory) neurons

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15
Q

multipolar and anaxonic are classed as what types of nerons

A

interneurons

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16
Q

describe the difference in multipolar neurons in interneurons and motor neurons

A

in interneurons, there is a large number of dendrites, to receieve inputs from a large number of neurons
in motor neurons, they have long axons so they can get to their target

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17
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

maintain external environment for the neurons

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18
Q

how do astrocytes maintain external environment for the neurons

A

regulating the water and potassium concentrations in the intracellular fluid

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19
Q

what are oilgodendrocytes

A

they form myelin sheaths on many axons in the CNS

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20
Q

what are microglia

A

immune cells (hoover up infections)

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21
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

produce the cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain

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22
Q

what are the glia cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

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23
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

forms myelin sheaths on ONE axon

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24
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

support neuron cell bodies

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25
Q

what are the three types of potentials

A

resting, graded and action

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26
Q

what do action potentials do

A

transmit electrical signals over long distances

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27
Q

what do graded potentials do

A

decide when an action potential should be fires - by depolarizing the cell to threshold

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28
Q

what does the resting membrane potential do

A

keeps cell ready to respond

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29
Q

what is a potential difference

A

the difference of charge between inside and outside the cell

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30
Q

how does a resting membrane potential happen

A

when the electrical gradient is equal and opposite to the concentration gradient - equilibrium is reached

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31
Q

what is the charge of the resting membrane potential for a typical neuron

A

-70mV

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32
Q

charges of potassium, sodium and chlorine inside and outside of a cell

A

K+ - 150, 5
Na+ - 15, 150
Cl- - 10, 110

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33
Q

what voltage does the cell have to reach to fire an action potential

A

-55mV

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34
Q

where do end plate potentials happen

A

NMJ

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35
Q

where do generator potentials happen

A

at the sensory receptors

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36
Q

where do postsynaptic potentials happed

A

at synapses (at the end - after the diffusion of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cleft)

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37
Q

what are the 4 types of graded potentials

A

generator, postsynaptic, end plate and pacemaker

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38
Q

what does it mean if graded potentials are decremental

A

electrical signal become smaller as they travel along the axon

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39
Q

what are the characteristics of graded potentials

A

they are decremental (decay as they travel)
they can summate (be added together)
hyperpolarizing or depolarizing (can excite or inhibit a cell)

40
Q

what channels can you open/close to depolarize the cell

A

the opening of sodium channels and closing of potassium channels

41
Q

what channels can you close/open to hyperpolarize the cell

A

the opening of potassium channels and the opening of chloride channels and the closing of sodium channels

42
Q

what types of channels are used for fast IPSPs and EPSPs

A

integral ion channels

43
Q

what kind of receptors are used for fast IPSPs and EPSPs

A

ionotropic receptors

44
Q

what kind of receptors are used for slow IPSPs and EPSPs

A

G-coupled proteins - metabotropic receptors

45
Q

why are metabotropic receptors slow

A

G-protein is used and it takes them a while to find the potassium channels to open/close them

46
Q

in fast EPSPs what type of channel is used

A

non-specific monovalent cation channel (+1)

47
Q

what is the difference between temporal and spatial summation

A

temporal involves in single presynaptic neuron rapid fire signal
spatial involves multiple presynaptic neurons simultaneously

48
Q

what does it mean if the permeability is high/low

A

high - a lot of channels are open
low - few channels are open

49
Q

what is the term called when a cell absolutely cannot generate another action potential

A

the refractory period

50
Q

what is an axial resistance

A

when electrical current flows more easily down a large diameter axon than a small axon

51
Q

what is saltory conduction

A

action potentials spread passively from node to node and still reach threshold

52
Q

what is Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

demyelination in the PNS

53
Q

the largest type of axons to the smallest

A

A-alpha, A-Beta, A-gamma, A-???, C

54
Q

where does the NMJ synapse

A

between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle

55
Q

what is a the skeletal muscle membrane called

A

sarcolemma

56
Q

what triggers the diffusion of ACh in the NMJ

A

the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminals

57
Q

ACh diffuses across the NMJ synaptic cleft and binds to what

A

ACh (nicotinic) receptors

58
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine after an end plate potential happens

A

acetycholinesterase

59
Q

what is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

60
Q

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

61
Q

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

glycine

62
Q

all the classes of neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

amines, amino acids, peptides, purines and gases

63
Q

axo-somatic synapses are usually …

A

inhibitory

64
Q

axo-dendric synapses are usually …

A

excitatory

65
Q

how do polysynaptic reflexes differ from a monosynaptic reflexes

A

instead of sensory neurons directly synapsing onto the motor neuron, they synapes on interneurons

66
Q

what do interneurons do

A

they influence the behaviour of the motor neurons

67
Q

muscle spindle (stretch) reflex is an example of what type of reflex

A

monosynaptic reflex

68
Q

what is the bulk of the muscle called

A

extrafusal muscle

69
Q

what is the purpose of the muscle spindle (stretch) reflex

A

to keep you muscles the same length

70
Q

what does it mean if a neuron is tonically active

A

its always firing action potentials

71
Q

when muscles get stretched, what happens to the rate of action potential

A

it increases

72
Q

scenario: what happens to your muscle when you get more load on you biceps

A

when your arm goes down a bit, that’s when your muscles are being stretched, which causes more firing of action potential to bring the extrafusal muscle back to original length

73
Q

muscle spindle (stretch) reflex is what type of feedback

A

negative

74
Q

how are extrafusal fibers innervated

A

by alpha motor neurons

75
Q

how are intrafusal fibers innervated

A

by gamma motor neurons

76
Q

what is the purpose of the golgi tendon organ

A

a mechanism to ensure that excessive tension does not damage the cell

77
Q

what type of reflex does the golgi tendon organ use

A

polysynaptic

78
Q

what is the nociceptor known for

A

detecting a damaging or potentially damaging stimuli

79
Q

what does the flexion (and crossed extensor) reflex do

A

a mechanism to remove a limb from a damaging/potentially damaging stimuli, and not fall over

80
Q

in flexion (and crossed extensor) reflex, what type of receptors detect the stimulus

A

nociceptors

81
Q

what is the purpose of the basal ganglia

A

it details the exact movements

82
Q

what does dopeminergic mean

A

the neurons release are dopamine

83
Q

what happens if there is an over activity of dopaminergic neurons

A

schizophrenia

84
Q

what does L-DOPA do

A

its to treat patients with Parkinson’s disease

85
Q

how does L-DOPA treat parkinson’s disease

A

L-DOPA can cross the blood-brain barrier and then it gets converted into dopamine which will then stimulate dopaminergic pathways

86
Q

what is the fiber that comes before the ganglion in the autonomic nervous system

A

preganglionic fiber

87
Q

what is the fiber that comes after the ganglion in the autonomic nervous system

A

postganglionic fiber

88
Q

what can the postganglionic fibers innervate

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and GI neurons

89
Q

NMJ is in what system

A

somatic nervous system

90
Q

what are the bumps called on the postganglionic fibers

A

variscosities

91
Q

where are the neurotransmitter release in the ANS

A

interstitial fluid

92
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system used for

A

fight or flight

93
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system used for

A

rest and digest

94
Q

what receptors does acetylcholine act on

A

cholinergic, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

95
Q

what receptors does noradrenalin act on

A

adrenergic, alpha and beta receptors

Physiology of the Human Cell (3 decks)

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