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Oral science B > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

Nervous system is an extensive, intricate network of neural structures that activates, coordinates, and controls all functions of the body.

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2
Q

function of nervous system

A

carry messages or impulses based on electrical action potentials

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3
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of neural processes outside the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system.

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4
Q

synapse

A

the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ, where neural impulses are transmitted.

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5
Q

innervation

A

A supply of nerves to a specific body part that allows for information to be carried back & forth from body part to brain.

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6
Q

ganglion

A

An accumulation of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system

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7
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

Gap in the myelin sheath, allowing for faster conduction of impulses

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8
Q

how do impulses travel

A

Impulse travels along myelinated axons via saltatory conduction

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9
Q

how much of a nerve has to be covered with local anesthetic

A

8-10mm

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10
Q

central nervous system

A

Consists of brain & spinal cord
Surrounded by bone

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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of all the nervous tissue outside of these organs
Somatic – operates with conscious control
Autonomic – operates without conscious control
Sympathetic – “fight or flight”
Parasymphetic – “rest or digest”

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12
Q

afferent

A

sensory
Carries information from the periphery of body TO the brain
Taste, pain, proprioceptionProprioception: info about movement, equilibrium & positioning of the body

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13
Q

efferent

A

motor
Carries information AWAY (exiting) the brain to periphery of body
Gives orders to muscles to activate them
2 Divisions:
Somatic & Autonomic

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14
Q

somatic nervous system

A

Includes all nerves controlling the muscular system & external sensory receptors
Operates with conscious control

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

“Caretaker of the body”
Operates without conscious control (it just does it)
Has 2 divisions:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight
Response leads to hyposalivation = dry mouth

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17
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest or Digest
Response leads to stimulation of salivary glands
Saliva flow aids in digestion

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18
Q

Peripheral nervous system two types of nerves

A

sensory, efferent

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19
Q

afferent

A

Carries information from the periphery of body TO the brain
Taste, pain, proprioceptionProprioception: info about movement, equilibrium & positioning of the body

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20
Q

efferent

A

Carries information AWAY (exiting) the brain to periphery of body
Gives orders to muscles to activate them
2 Divisions:
Somatic & Autonomic

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21
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Includes all nerves controlling the muscular system & external sensory receptors
Operates with conscious control

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22
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

“Caretaker of the body”
Operates without conscious control (it just does it)
Has 2 divisions:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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23
Q

cranial nerves

A

Emerge from the inferior surface of the brain
All pass through the foramina of the skull & innervate structures in the head, neck, & facial region

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24
Q

Cranial Nerve I – Olfactory

A

Afferent (sensory)
Transmits smells from the nasal mucosa to the brain
Enters skull through cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone

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25
Cranial Nerve II – Optic
Afferent (sensory) Transmits sight from the retina to the brain Enters skull through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone
26
Cranial Nerve III – Oculomotor
Efferent (motor) Moves the eyeball & constricts pupil Runs in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus Exits skull through the superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
27
Cranial Nerve IV – Trochlear
Efferent for one eye muscle,  proprioception  Runs in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus Exits skull through the superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
28
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal
Sensory & Motor Efferent to muscles of mastication & some cranial muscles Afferent to teeth, tongue, oral cavity, skin of face & head Three branches
29
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal origin and branches
Within the skull (temporal bone) this nerve has a bulge called the Trigeminal Ganglion Anterior to the ganglion, the nerve divides into 3 branches V1 Ophthalmic Sensory V2 Maxillary Sensory V3 Mandibular Sensory & Motor
30
Cranial Nerve VI – Abducens
Efferent for one eye muscle Runs near the internal carotid artery, often affected by infections of the sinus Exits skull through the superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
31
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial
Afferent (Sensory) & Efferent (Motor) Afferent (sensory) to skin behind ear, taste sensation & body of tongue Efferent to muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
32
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial branches
greater petrosal chorda tympani Postauricular Stylohyoid posterior digastric In the parotid, it divides into branches to supply the muscles of facial expression
33
Cranial Nerve VIII – Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)
Afferent Hearing & balance Enters cranium through internal acoustic meatus
34
Cranial Nerve IX – Glossopharyngeal
Afferent for the pharynx for taste & general sensation from the base of the tongue Efferent for the stylopharyngeus muscles & parotid salivary gland Passes through jugular foramen
35
Cranial Nerve X – Vagus
Afferent for skin around ear & taste, sensation of epiglottis Efferent to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, & larynx Passes through jugular foramen
36
Cranial Nerve XI – Accessory (Spinal)
Efferent to trapezius, SCM, muscles of soft palate & pharynx 2 roots: brain & spinal cord Exits through jugular foramen
37
Cranial Nerve XII – Hypoglossal
Efferent for intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue Exits through hypoglossal canal
38
What runs through the optic canal
optic nerve
39
what runs through superior orbital fissure
III Oculomotor IV Trochlear V-1 Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve VI Abducens
40
Nerves to the Oral Cavity
V Trigeminal V2- Maxillary V3- Mandibular VII Facial IX Glossopharyngeal XII Hypoglossal
41
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal
Sensory & Motor Efferent to muscles of mastication & some cranial muscles Afferent to teeth, tongue, oral cavity, skin of face & head Three branches
42
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal
Within the skull (temporal bone) this nerve has a bulge called the Trigeminal Ganglion
43
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal (anterior ganglion)
Anterior to the ganglion, the nerve divides into 3 branches V1 Ophthalmic Sensory V2 Maxillary Sensory V3 Mandibular Sensory & Motor
44
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V1 - Ophthalmic
1st & smallest division of sensory root Afferent (sensory) for conjunctiva, cornea, eyeball, orbit, forehead & ethmoid, frontal sinuses Carries sensory information to brain through superior orbital fissure Branches that join to form V1: Frontal, lacrimal & nasociliary
45
3 Branches that form V1
Frontal – forehead, scalp, bridge of nose Lacrimal – upper eyelid, lacrimal gland Nasociliary – nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses
46
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 - Maxillary
2nd division of sensory root Afferent (sensory) for maxilla & overlying skin, maxillary sinuses, nasal cavity, palate, nasopharynx Trunk formed in pterygopalatine fossa by convergence of many nerves: Infraorbital (largest contributor), zygomatic, ASA, MSA, PSA, greater & lesser palatine, nasopalatine Enters skull through foramen rotundum
47
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Zygomatic Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Merger of zygomaticofacial & zygomaticotemporal nerves in orbit Enters through inferior orbital fissure to join maxillary nerve in pterygopalatine fossa
48
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Infraorbital Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Merger of cutaneous branches from upper lip, medial cheek, lower eyelid, side of nose Enters through infraorbital foramen (with infraorbital blood vessels) and is joined by ASA, MSA, &PSA
49
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Anterior Superior Alveolar (ASA) Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Sensation for maxillary anterior teeth, pulp, periodontium & overlying facial gingiva Joins the infraorbital nerve in infraorbital canal
50
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Middle Superior Alveolar (MSA) Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Sensation for maxillary premolars & mesiobuccal root of 1st maxillary molars. Surrounding gingiva & periodontium Not everyone has an MSA! Only 28% of population Joins the infraorbital nerve in infraorbital canal
51
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Posterior Superior Alveolar (PSA) Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Sensation for maxillary molars, periodontium, buccal gingiva, & maxillary sinuses Exits from posterior superior alveolar foramen on maxillary tuberosity Can join the infraorbital nerve in infraorbital canal (if MSA is present) but most times it joins the maxillary nerve directly
52
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Greater Palatine (GP) Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Sensation for posterior hard palate & lingual gingiva Exits from greater palatine foramen Ascend in pterygopalatine canal towards maxillary nerve
53
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Lesser Palatine (LP) Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Sensation for soft palate & tonsillar tissues Exits from lesser palatine foramen Ascend in pterygopalatine canal towards maxillary nerve
54
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V2 – Maxillary Nasopalatine Palatine (NP) Nerve
Afferent (sensory) Sensation for anterior hard palate & lingual gingiva of anterior teeth Originates in mucosa of anterior hard palate lingual of maxillary anterior teeth Enters incisive foramen Anastomoses with greater palantine nerve
55
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular
Main trunk formed in infratemporal fossa, then passes through foramen ovale Gives off meningeal & muscular branches before dividing into Anterior & Posterior trunks
56
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular
Gives off meningeal & muscular branches before dividing into Anterior & Posterior trunks Meningeal Branches -Afferent (sensory) to dura matter Muscular Branches -Efferent (motor) to these muscles: -lateral ptyergoid -tensor tympani -tensor veli palantini
57
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular anterior trunk divisions
Buccal nerve Deep temporal nerve Masseteric nerve Lateral Pterygoid nerve
58
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular anterior trunk- Buccal nerve afferent
Afferent (sensory) for skin of cheek, buccal mucosa, buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth, cheek Anesthetized with Buccal Nerve Block (BNB) to anesthetize the buccal gingiva of mandibular posterior teeth
59
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular anterior trunk- Buccal nerve efferent
Deep Temporal (anterior/posterior) Masseteric Lateral Pterygoid
60
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular posterior trunk branches
Auriculotemporal nerve Lingual nerve Inferior Alveolar nerve
61
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular posterior trunk- AURICULOTEMPORAL nerve
Afferent (sensory) to external scalp, ear, & TMJ Carries postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers to parotid salivary gland (from cranial nerve IX –glossopharyngeal)
62
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular posterior trunk- lingual nerve
Afferent (sensory) to body of tongue, floor of mouth, lingual gingiva of mandibular teeth Communicates with submandibular ganglion & chorda tympani Anesthesized during the Inferior Alveolar (IA) nerve block injection
63
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular posterior trunk- Inferior alveolar nerve
Afferent (sensory) to mandibular teeth Travels within mandibular canal Formed by merger of incisive & mental nerves Joined by mylohyoid nerve as it exits from mandibular canal
64
Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal V3 - Mandibular posterior trunk- Inferior alveolar nerve- *THREE BRANCHES*
-mylohyoid -mental -incisive
65
Mylohyoid
Efferent (motor) for mylohyoid muscle & anterior belly of digastric muscle
66
mental
Afferent (sensory) for chin, lower lip, labial mucosa, of mandibular anterior teeth Exits mental foramen
67
incisive
Afferent (sensory) for anterior mandibular teeth Joins with mental nerve to form Inferior Alveolar
68
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial
Afferent (Sensory) & Efferent (Motor) Afferent (sensory) to skin behind ear, taste sensation & body of tongue Efferent to muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
69
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial *branches*
greater petrosal chorda tympani Postauricular Stylohyoid posterior digastric In the parotid, it divides into branches to supply the muscles of facial expression
70
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial-Greater Petrosal (emergence and insertion)
Facial nerve emerges from brain & enters internal acoustic meatus in petrous part of temporal bone, where it gives off a small efferent branches to middle ear and two larger branches: the chorda tympani & the greater petrosal nerve
71
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial-Greater Petrosal
carries parasympathetic fibers Efferent (motor) – fibers to pterygopalatine ganglion Post-ganglionic fibers join with maxillary nerve to lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, & minor salivary glands of hard & soft palate Afferent (sensory) – taste in palate
72
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial-Chorda Tympani (insertion and emergence)
Facial nerve emerges from brain & enters internal acoustic meatus in petrous part of temporal bone, where it gives off a small efferent branches to middle ear and two larger branches: the greater petrosal nerve & the chorda tympani
73
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial-Chorda Tympani
carries parasympathetic fibers Efferent (motor) – submandibular & sublingual salivary glands Afferent (sensory) – taste in the body of the tongue Exits the petrotympanic fissure Runs with lingual nerve (V3) Communicates with submandibular ganglion
74
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial-Facial Branches (emergences and insertions)
Main trunk emerges from skull through stylomastoid foramen of temporal bone Then passes through parotid & divides into superficial & deep lobes Divides into numerous terminal branches to supply the muscles of facial expression -posterior auricular -stylohyoid -posterior digastric -temporal -zygomatic -buccal -mandibular -cervical
75
Cranial Nerve VII – Facial-Facial Branches
Main trunk emerges from skull through stylomastoid foramen of temporal bone Then passes through parotid & divides into superficial & deep lobes Divides into numerous terminal branches to supply the muscles of facial expression -posterior auricular -stylohyoid -posterior digastric -temporal -zygomatic -buccal -mandibular -cervical
76
facial paralysis
Loss of muscular action of the muscles of facial expression Clinical Signs & Symptoms : drooping eyebrow, eyelid, and labial commissure, with a dribbling of saliva; lack of normal expression, close the eye or whistle, speech & eating difficulty Can be bilateral or unilateral Can be transient or permanent
77
Bell's Palsy
Unilateral facial paralysis No known cause Loss of excitability to facial nerve No treatment – but physical therapy & anti-inflammatory medications may help Abrupt onset that spontaneously resolves within 6 months, may return later
78
Trigeminal Neuralgia
No known etiology Afferent nerves of Trigeminal Nerve = Cranial Nerve 5 Signs & Symptoms: excruciating short-term pain (shock like or stabbing pain) when facial trigger zones are touched (often on one side). Between attacks there can be burning, throbbing, numbness, tingling, or dull aching. Treatment: Peripheral neurectomy, anticonvulsant drugs, botox injections, muscle relaxants AKA “tic douloureux”

Oral science B (4 decks)

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