Nerves

Question 1

name the special sensory cranial nerves

Answer 1

CN I = olfactory nerve
CN II = optic nerve
CN VIII = vestibulocohlear nerve

Question 2

name the somatic motor cranial nerves

Answer 2

CN III = oculomotor nerve
CN IV = trochlear nerve
CN VI = abducent nerve
CN XI = spinal accessory nerve 
CN XII = hypoglossal nerve

Question 3

name the mixed cranial nerves

Answer 3

CN V = trigeminal nerve
CN VII = facial nerve
CN IX = glossopharyngeal nerve
CN X = vagus nerve

Question 4

what foramen does the olfactory nerve arise from

Answer 4

cribiform plate of ethmoid

Question 5

what foramen does the optic nerve arise from

Answer 5

optic canal of sphenoid

Question 6

what cranial nerves arise from the superior orbital fissure (there are 4)

Answer 6

oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal ophthalmic (V1)
abducens

Question 7

where does V2 and V3 arise from separately

Answer 7

V2 - foramen rotundum

V3 - foramen ovale

Question 8

from where does CN VIII arise and what is it called

Answer 8

internal auditory meatus

CNVIII = vestibulocochlear

Question 9

what CN arises from the jugular foramen (there are 2)

Answer 9

IX = glossopharyngeal
X = vagus

Question 10

what foramen does CN XI arise from

Answer 10

foramen magnum

Question 11

where does CN XII sit

Answer 11

hypoglossal canal

Question 12

what is the path of CN VII branch that sits in the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone

Answer 12

internal acoustic meatus&raquo_space; facial canal&raquo_space; stylomastoid foramen

Question 13

what is the path of CN VII branch that sits in the facial canal

Answer 13

facial canal&raquo_space; middle ear&raquo_space; chorda tympani

Question 14

what are the number of spinal nerves in each sections (i.e. cervical, thoracic etc)

Answer 14

8 pairs of Cervical = C1-C8
12 paris of Thoracic = T1-T12
5 pairs of Lumbar = L1-L5
5 pairs of Sacral = S1-S5
1 pair of Coccygeal = Co1

Question 15

where are spinal nerves located

Answer 15

intervertebral foramina

Question 16

what is the pathway of structures to make a spinal nerve

Answer 16

Rootlets&raquo_space; Roots (dorsal and ventral roots join)&raquo_space; spinal nerve (leaves foramen)&raquo_space; splits into anterior and posterior rami

Question 17

in which direction does sensory axons pass from the spinal nerve

Answer 17

posterior

posterior root&raquo_space; posterior rootlets&raquo_space; posterior horn of spinal cord

Question 18

in which direction does motor axons pass from the spinal nerve

Answer 18

anterior

anterior horn of the spinal cord&raquo_space; anterior rootless&raquo_space; anterior root&raquo_space; spinal nerve

Question 19

what direction is dorsal

Answer 19

posterior

all the sensory

Question 20

what direction is ventral

Answer 20

anterior

motor i.e. VROOM

Question 21

what spinal level is the male nipple

Answer 21

T4

Question 22

what is at T10 spinal level

Answer 22

umbilicus

Question 23

what is a plexus made up of

Answer 23

intertwined anterior rami

Question 24

what spinal cords make up sympathetic outflow

Answer 24

T1-L2 spinal nerves

Question 25

what does the sympathetic outflow supply

Answer 25

skin sweat glands skin arrector muscles all arterioles

Question 26

what does T1 to L2 segments have that other spinal cord segments do not

Answer 26

lateral horns

Question 27

where does the pre-synaptic sympathetic axon leave from

Answer 27

leaves spinal cord in anterior rootlets/roots

Question 28

where does the post-synaptic sympathetic axon leave in

Answer 28

within the spinal nerve anterior or posterior ramus

Question 29

what are signs of Horner's Syndrome

Answer 29

``` ipsilateral ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid) ipsilateral miosis (pin point pupil) reduced sweating ```

Question 30

what is the cause of Horner's Syndrome

Answer 30

compression of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

Question 31

what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves

Answer 31

CN III, VII, IX and X

Question 32

what are the parasympathetic spinal nerves

Answer 32

Sacral Spinal nerves

Question 33

what are somatic general sensory spinal nerves responsible for

Answer 33

``` touch temperature proprioception vibration pain ```

Question 34

what are symptoms related to somatic general sensory dysfunction

Answer 34

``` pain (neuralgia) pins & needles (paraesthesia) numbness sensitivity hot or cold loss of co-ordination (ataxia) ```

Question 35

what are symptoms related to somatic motor dysfunction

Answer 35

muscle stiffness/tightness/spasm hypotonia muscle weakness/reduced power ataxia

Question 36

what part of the cerebral cortex is somatosensory

Answer 36

POSTCENTRAL gyrus

Question 37

where is a common location in the sensory pathway for cerebrovascular accident

Answer 37

the internal capsule

Question 38

when a dermatome is tested for sensory function what is happening in the nerves etc.

Answer 38

1 - stimulation in anterior aspect in (e.g.) T10 dermatome 2 - AP generated by receptors in that segment 3 - AP continues along axons to anterior ramus 4 - AP continues to (e.g.) T10 spinal nerve 5 - AP continues to (e.g.) T10 posterior root 6 - AP continues along to (e.g) T10 posterior rootlets 7 - AP continues along to posterior horn of spinal cord

Question 39

what are the spinal nerve root levels of the femoral nerve

Answer 39

L2, L3 and L4

Question 40

what named nerve is compromised of C5 and C6 and what does it supply (sensory)

Answer 40

Axillary Nerve Badge Patch

Question 41

what supplies the anatomical snuff box

Answer 41

cutaneous branches of the radial nerve

Question 42

what part of the brain is involved in the motor pathway

Answer 42

primary somatomotor cortex of the PRECENTRAL GYRUS

Question 43

what is happening when a spinal nerve myotomes is tested for motor function

Answer 43

1 - AP generated by voluntary intention in the primary somatosensory cortex 2 - AP conducted via UMN axons of the corticospinal tract 3 - AP continues along axon to anterior horn of (e.g.) L3 spinal cord 4 - UMN synapse with L3 LMN stimulating AP 5 - AP continues along axons to L3 spinal nerve 6 - AP continues to either L3 posterior ramus or anterior ramus 7 - APs via L3 anterior rami weave through lumbar lexus via a named nerve 8 - AP then reach the NMJ of the supplied muscle

Question 44

what spinal nerve is being tested in the following reflexes - biceps brachii - brachioradialis - triceps brachii - knee jerk - ankle jerk

Answer 44

- biceps brachii = C5 - brachioradialis = C6 - triceps brachii = C7 - knee jerk = L4 - ankle jerk = S1

Question 45

where does the CN I synapse

Answer 45

olfactory bulb

Question 46

how do we tested for parasympathetic CN III action

Answer 46

use a light to check for papillary constriction

Question 47

what nerves connect with the CNS at the midbrain (mesencephalon)

Answer 47

CN III and IV

Question 48

where does CN VI connect with the CNS and what other nerves connect here

Answer 48

Pontomedullary junction CN VII CN VIII

Question 49

where does CN XI connect with the CNS

Answer 49

Cervical spinal cord

Question 50

how is CN XI tested

Answer 50

ask patient to shrug their shoulders | ask them to turn head to flex neck and turn towards the opposite side

Question 51

where does CN XII connect with the CNS

Answer 51

via rootles lateral to the pyramids of the medulla oblongata

Question 52

the CN XII innervates of the muscles ending with -glossus except one, called...

Answer 52

palatoglossus

Question 53

where does CN V connect with the CNS

Answer 53

Pons

Question 54

what muscles does CN V3 supply

Answer 54

Masseter Temporalis Medial Pterygoid Lateral Pterygoid

Question 55

where does CN VII connect with the CNS

Answer 55

pontomedullary junction

Question 56

what is the chorda tympani and what does it supply

Answer 56

branch of CN VII - taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue - parasymp supply to the submandibular and sublingual glands (salivation)

Question 57

where does CN IX connect with the CNS and what else connects here

Answer 57

medulla oblongata | CN X

Question 58

what does CN X run within

Answer 58

Carotid sheath

Question 59

what is the functions of CN VII

Answer 59

1 - motor to muscles of mastication and stapedius 2 - parasymp innveration to pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia 3 - taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue

Question 60

function of CN IX

Answer 60

1 - Tactile sense, pain and temperature sense from the posterior tongue pharyngotympanic tube and upper pharynx. 2 - Taste (posterior 1/3 of the tongue). 3 - Parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland 4 - Motor to one muscle stylopharyngeus

Question 61

what is meant by tonotopic organisation in the auditory cortex

Answer 61

Fibres carrying low frequency sound end in the anterolateral part of the auditory cortex. Fibres carrying high frequency sound end in the posteromedial.