NERVOUS Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
One of the body’s major integration and control systems, the other is the endocrine system
A
Nervoys system
2
Q
Three overlapping functions of nervous system
A
- Sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body
- CNS Processes and interprets sensory input
- Dictates a response by activating effector organs
3
Q
the process of transmitting stimuli is called
A
nerve impulses
4
Q
2 basic divisions of nervous system
A
CNS and PNS
5
Q
2 components of CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
6
Q
the integrating and command center
A
CNS
7
Q
______ integrates the stimuli and formulates appropriate responses that are related to effectors cells, tissue and organ by the PNS
A
CNS
8
Q
composed of Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord
A
PNS
9
Q
2 nerves found in PNS
A
cranial and spinal nerves
10
Q
it links all body regions of the body to the CNS
A
PNS
11
Q
_______includes all neurons associated with muscle, skin, and sense organs
A
Somatic nervous system / Somatic body region
12
Q
____ is composed of all neurons which are concerned with the regulation of visceral organs.
A
Visceral/autonomic nervous system
13
Q
Consist of neurons responsible for reception of sensory stimuli from the external environment
A
Somatic sensory/ Somatic afferent
14
Q
Somatic sensory:
receptors are widely spread. Touch, pain, vibration, pressure, and temperature
A
General somatic senses
15
Q
Somatic sensory:
detect stretch in tendons and muscle;
A
Proprioceptive sensory
16
Q
stretch receptor
A
Proprioceptive sensory
17
Q
position and movement of body in space
A
Body sense
18
Q
such as hearing, balance, vision, and smell
A
Special somatic senses
19
Q
Widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs
A
General visceral senses
20
Q
the only special visceral senses
A
taste
21
Q
signals contraction of skeletal muscles
A
General somatic motor
22
Q
Often called voluntary nervous system
A
Somatic motor
23
Q
visceral motor is also called as
A
autonomic efferent
24
Q
Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and gland secretion
A
visceral motor
25
Makes up autonomic nervous system
visceral motor
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"involuntary nervous system"
visceral motor
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describe the cells of nervous tissue
cell are densely packed and intertwined
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2 main cell types of nervous system
neurons and supporting cells (neuroglial cells)
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principal cells of nervous system
neurons
30
Size of neuron compared to neuroglial cells
larger
31
number of neurons compared to supporting cells
less abundant
32
surround and wrap neurons
neuroglial cells
33
are non excitable, small and more abundant compared to neurons
supporting cells or neuroglial cells
34
● Basic structural unit of the nervous system
neurons
35
Specialized cells conduct electrical impulses along the plasma membrane
neurons
36
can live and function for a lifetime. But neurons are terminally differentiated cells, they are incapable of cell division
longevity
37
In neurons, only th e___ and ___ are capable of regeneration
axons and dendrites
38
exceptions in mitosis
neural stem cells
39
It require high abundant of ___ and ____
oxygen and glucose
40
the cell body or soma is also called as
perikaryon
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Clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes
Chromatophilic bodies
42
Chromatophilic bodies is also called as
Nissl bodies
43
Would appear granular masses and are very prominent in the neuroplasm
Chromatophilic bodies (Nissl bodies)
44
what organelle is also present in all neurons
Golgi complex
45
In neurons, the __and ___ are involved in the synthesis of proteins that are very important in maintaining structural and metabolic integrity of the cell
Nissl bodies and golgi complex
46
They synthesized the protein component of neurotransmitters
Nissl bodies and golgi complex
47
internal support for the cell
cytoskeleton
48
Examples of cytoplasmic organelles found in the neuron are the ___; that would help in preventing degeneration of neurons.
peroxisomes
49
the source of microtubule that form part of cytoskeleton
centrosome
50
bundles of intermediate filaments
Neurofibrils
51
Form a network between chromatophilic bodies
Neurofibrils
52
The cytoskeleton of neurons is formed by three types which are the;
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
53
It provides internal support for the cell
Neurofibrils
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Helps to fix the diameter of dendrites and axon
Neurofibrils
55
Strengthen synapses.
Neurofibrils
56
are points of contact between the neuron and other cells.
Synapses
57
where can we found cell body of neurons?
in CNS
58
clusters of cell bodies in PNS
ganglia
59
collection of cell bodies of neurons found in PNS
ganglia
60
___is the counterpart of ganglia found in CNS
nucleus
61
In the ganglion, each neuron is surrounded by supporting cells known as the _____
satellite cells
62
iT Extensively branching from the cell body
dendrites
63
Transmit electrical signals (graded potentials) TOWARDS the cell body
dendrites
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Function as receptive sites
dendrites
65
do dendrites have Golgi complex?
They don't have it
66
axon is also called as
nerve fibers
67
Impulse generator and conductor
Axon (nerve fibers)
68
Transmits action potentials away from the cell body
axon
69
Does axon have chromatophilic bodies?
none
70
2 forms of axonal transport
1. Anterograde
2. Retrograde
71
more common; involves movement of substances from perikaryon to axon terminals
anterograde
72
involves transport of substances from axon terminals to perikaryon
retrograde
73
terminal branches at the end of axon are called
telodendria
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The multiple branches at the end of axon that ends in knobs are called
axon terminals
75
myelinated axon are called
node of ranvier
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It is Generated at the initial segment of the axon, conducted along the axon, it also releases neurotransmitters at axon terminals.
Nerve impulses (action potential)
77
it excite or inhibit neurons
Neurotransmitters
78
● Point of contact between neuron and another cell
synapse
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Site at which neurons communicate
synapse
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2 types of neuron that participate in synapse
1. Presynaptic neuron and 2. Postsynaptic neuron
81
a type of neuron in synapse that Conducts signal toward a synapse
presynaptic neuron
82
a type of neuron that communicate the impulse in synapse
1. Presynaptic neuron
83
a type of neuron in synapse that Transmits electrical activity away from a synapse
postsynaptic neuron
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a type of neuron in synapse that Receives the impulse
postsynaptic neuron
85
types of synapses
axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic & dendrodendritic & and dendro somatic.
86
a type of synapse that is - Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another
axodendritic
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a type of synapse that is Between axons and neuronal cell bodies
axosomatic
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2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted
electrical synapse and chemical synapse
89
2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:
conisst if gap junctions similar to those found in epithelial cells
electrical synapse
90
2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:
they enables neighboring neurons to communicate with each other by allowing the cells to exchange molecules and small ions; facilitates exchange if substance
electrical synapse
91
2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:
neurotransmitteter is responsible, more common
chemical synapse
92
2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:
the nerve impulses is transmitted from one neuron to another cell by means of chemical substance known as the neurotransmitters.
chemical synapse
93
structural classification of neurons
based on number of processes:
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, pseudounipolar
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structural classification of neuron:
arises from single axon that splits, f
pseudounipolar
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where can we only found a pseudounipolar?
cranial ganglia
96
structural classification of neuron:
it possess more than two processes
mutipolar
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structural classification of neuron:
numerous denderites and one axon
multipolar
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structural classification of neuron:
most abundant
multipolar
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structural classification of neuron: possess 2 processes
bipolar
100
structural classification of neuron:
single axon single dendrite
bipolar
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where can we commoonly found a bipolar neuron?
retina of the eyes
102
where can we found some rare neurons?
in some sensopry organs
103
structural classification of neuron:
consist only one axon
unipolar
104
give the 3 functional classification of neurons
based on direction of action potential:
afferents/sensory
efferents/motor
interneurons/association
105
functional classification of neurons:
transmit impulses toward the CNS
afferent/sensory neurons
106
functional classification of neurons:
virtually all are pseudounipolar some are true bi[polar
afferent
107
functional classification of neurons:
carry impulses away from the CNS
efferent neurons
108
most efferent neurons are waht type of structual neuron?
multipolar
109
the cell bodies of efferent neurons are in the
CNS
110
Interneurons are called
associated n neurons
111
functional classification of neurons:
it lie between afferent and efferent neurons
interneurons
112
functional classification of neurons:
involve in integration and appropriate response
interneurons
113
examples of interneurons
Purkinje cell, stellate cell, granule cell, and basket cell, and pyramidal cell
114
interneurons located in cerebellum
Purkinje cell, stellate cell, granule cell, and basket cell
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interneurons found in cerebral cortex
pyramidal cell
116
how many glial cells found in CNS?
4
117
how many glial cells found in PNS?
2
118
it makes up the ha;lf mass o fthe brains
supporting cells
118
it makes up the ha;lf mass o fthe brains
supporting cells
119
supporting cells found found in CNS
astrocytes, , microglia, ependymanl cells, oligodendrocytes
120
most abundant glial cell types
astrocytes
121
take up and release ions to control the environment
astrocytes
122
recapture and recycle neurotratransmitters
astrocytes
123
Involved with synapse formation in developing neural tissue
astrocytes
124
● Produce molecules necessary for neural growth
astrocytes
125
Propagate calcium signals that may be involved in memory
astrocytes
126
Largest and most numerous glial cells
astrocytes
127
2 types of astrocytes
Protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes
128
___ astrocytes are found mainly within gray matter of the braina nd spinal cord, they have abundant cytoplasma dn their nucleus is bigger
protoplasmic
129
___ astrocytes have longer and slender processes and found mainly in white matter
fibrous
130
smallest and least abundant sglial cells
microglia
131
the macrophages of CNS
microglia
132
Considered as phagocytic cells that would show many properties with tissue macrophages. They would remove cellular debris from sites of injury.
microglia
133
Line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain
ependymal cells
134
distint characteristic if ependymal cells
It has cillia
135
cilia in ependymal cells helps in circulcirculating ___
cerebrospinal fluid
136
ependymal cells - epithelium tissue type
simple cuboidal epithelium
137
They would also form the secretory epithelial lining of choroid plexuses that secretes cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
138
____ are composed of few branches and ROUNDED
oligodendrocytes
139
Wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS
oligodendrocytes
140
Produce myelin sheaths
oligodendrocytes
141
where can we found oligodendrocytes?
in white matter of CNS
141
where can we found oligodendrocytes?
in white matter of CNS
142
2 supporting cells in the PNS
satellite cells and schwann cells
143
counterpart of astrocytes that surround the cell bodies of neurons
satellite cells
144
- surround axons in the PNS
schwann cells
145
schwann cells are also called as
neurolemmocytes
146
- form myelin sheath around axons of the PNS
schwann cells
147
- form myelin sheath around axons of the PNS
schwann cells
148
shape of schwann cells
spindle
149
All axons are enveloped by a sheath of cell known as ____
neurilemmal sheath
150
what lies internal to schwann sheath
myelin sheath
151
In the CNS, the collection of nerve fibers is referred to as .
nerve tracts
152
Whereas, in the PNS it is called _____
peripheral nerves
153
- layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon
endoneurium
154
- the nerve fibers that comprise a nerve on individual wrapped by delicate connective tissue
endoneurium
155
- the nerve fibers that comprise a nerve on individual wrapped by delicate connective tissue
endoneurium
156
- groups of axons bound into bundles
nerve fascicles
157
- connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle
perineurium
158
- whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath
- enclosed by dense irregular connective tissue sheath
epineurium
159
gray matter in the spinal cord looks like a what
?
butterfly (H-shaped)
160
dorsal half of gray matter in the spinal coord consists of _
cell bodies of interneurons
