Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 30 Mahaffy > Nervous And Endocrine System > Flashcards

Nervous And Endocrine System Flashcards

(43 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

-Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
-Integrates and processes info.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

-Links CNS with the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the Nervous System

A

-Contains the brain, spinal cord, and nerves which connects to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

-A state of relative stability in the body (HR, temp, ph, blood pressure, sugar, oxygen, sodium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Somatic

A

-Part of the PNS
-controls the skeletal muscles, bone and skin.
-Under conscious control. (voluntary)
-Sensory - somatic: carries info from the body to the CNS.
-Motor -somatic: carries info from the CNS to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Autonomic

A

-Part of the PNS.
-Controls certain body organs. (smooth muscle)
-Involuntary.
-Regulates and maintains homeostasis. (Consistency of the environment)
-Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work in opposition to control the organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe sympathetic

A

-Part of PNS.
-Activated in stressful situations.
-“Fight”, flight, freeze.”
-Physiological changes include
Increased: heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, airways, release, epinephrine, pupils.
Decreased: digestion, urine production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Parasympathetic

A

-Acts to restore and conserve energy.
-“Rest and digest.”
Increased: digestion, urine production.
Decreased: heart rate, breathing, pupils, airways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 basic cell types in the nervous system?

A

-Neuron: function cell of the nervous system.
-Glial cells: support cells for the nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a neuron?

A

-1 of the 2 basic cells types
-Functional cell of the nervous system.
-Have an excitable cell membrane which can conduct an electrical impulse (electrochemical).
-A group of neurons is called a nerve.
-Neurons are always using ATP (Car engine is always idoling to send a message if needed.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Glial cell?

A

-1 of the 2 basic cell types.
-Support cells for the nervous system.
-nourishes neurons, removes wastes, defends against infection, supporting frame work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurons?

A

-Sensory neuron (Input) (PNS)

-Interneurons (CNS—>Spinal cord)

-Motor Neuron (Output) (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Sensory neuron?

A

-1 of the 3 main types of neurons.
-Input
-Gathers info from the sensory receptors and transmits impulses to the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are interneurons?

A

-1 of the 3 main types of neurons.
-CNS—>Spinal cord
-Acts as a bridge between sensory and motor neurons. Processes sensory information and relay outgoing motor info.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

-1 of the 3 main types of neurons.
-Output
-Transmit info from the CNS to the effectors. (Muscles, glands, and other organs.) Effector is triggered by motor neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A

-Illustrates a simple neural pathway.
-Enable your body to react quickly in times of danger.
-Simple connections of neurons that explain reflexively behaviours.
-Moves directly to and from the brain or spinal cord before the sensory info is processed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

-Control centre for the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the dendrites?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Projections of the cell body/cytoplasm.
-Carry impulses towards the cell bod.

19
Q

What is an axon?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Long projection of the cell body.
-Carry impulses away from the dendrites/cell body and toward other neurons or effectors (muscles and glands.)

20
Q

What is a synaptic knob (axon terminal)?

Study These Flashcards
A

-End of the neuron where the cell synapses with another neuron or effector.

21
Q

Describe the myelin sheath

Study These Flashcards
A

-Insulation for the neuron.
-Formed by the Schwann cells.
-White coat of fatty protein.
-Prevents the loss of charged ions from the nerve cell (axion).
-helps increase the speed of nerve impulses bc nerve impulses jump from node to node.

22
Q

Describe the node of Ranvier.

Study These Flashcards
A

-Gaps between the myelin.
-Exposed pieces of axon.

23
Q

Describe the neurilemma.

Study These Flashcards
A

-Membrane around nerve fibers within the PNS.
-Promotes the regeneration of damaged axons.

24
Q

What is white and grey matter?

Study These Flashcards
A

-White matter contains myelin and neurilemma.
-Grey matter does not contain myelin and neurilemma.
-In the spinal cord white matter is on the outside and grey matter on the inside.
-In the brain grey matter is on the outside and white matter on the inside.
-Grey matter takes up space.

25
What is a nerve impulse?
-An electrochemical message created by the movement of ions (Na+\K+) through the nerve cell membrane. -This is how a message is passed through a neuron.
26
What is action potential?
-Reversal of charge across the membrane.
27
Describe the resting membrane potential
-Net negative charge of -70mv (inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside). -Inactive or resting neuron. (Lot of work to maintain, this way it’s ready to send a signal). -The charge difference across the membrane (membrane potential) is caused by an unequal concentration of positive ions outside of the cell. -Na+/K+ pump: Na+ x 3 are pumped out while K+ x 2 are pumped in. -The inside of the cell is therefore negative compared to the outside. -The resting membrane is polarized.
28
Describe depolarization
-The reversal of charge where the inside of the membrane is more positive relative to the outside (+40mV). -Caused by a stimulus. -Once stimulated, the Na+ channels open to allow diffusion of Na+ into the cell. The inside then becomes more positive relative to the outside. -Depolarization in one area triggers neighboring Na+ channels to open=wave of depolarization.
29
Describe repolarization
-Refers to the restoring of the original polarity. -Na+ channels close and the K+ open (then quickly close). -Na+\K+ pump is operational. -Causes the membrane to overshoot to approximately -90mV (hyperpolarization). -Quickly brought back to normal resting potential. -Doesn’t want sodium to go wherever it wants. -Wants high sodium on outside, high potassium inside to send another message. This is reason for third pump. -All channels are passive (diffuse naturally). Pump is only thing that uses ATP.
30
What is the refractory period?
-The time required before a neuron can produce another action potential.
31
What is the threshold level?
-The minimum level of a stimulus required to produce a response. (~55mV) -The more intense the stimulus the greater the frequency of the impulses.
32
What is the all or nothing response?
-A neuron will either fire maximally or not at all. -A neuron does not fire with differing strength.
33
Describe a synapse
-The connection (space) between 2 neurons or a neuron and a effector. -Impulse travels along the axon to the synaptic terminal (end) -Neurotransmitters enable a pulse to be passed from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron by diffusion.
34
What are neurotransmitters?
-Chemical messenger secreted by neurons to carry a signal to another neuron or an effector.
35
What are excitatory neurotransmitters?
-The neurotransmitters cause the ion channels to open in the postsynaptic neuron. -Sodium flows in and the neuron becomes depolarized.
36
What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
-Triggers potassium channels to open and potassium to flow out. -Neuron becomes hyper polarized.
37
What is norepinephrine?
-Used by the brain and some autonomic neurons.
38
What are sensory receptors?
-Nerve endings and cells that detect sensory information.
39
What is sensory adaptation?
-When the brain filters out repeating or unimportant info.
40
What are the types of sensory receptors?
1. Photoreceptors: stimulated by light energy. 2. Chemoreceptors: stimulated by certain chemicals. 3. Mechanoreceptors: respond to some form of pressure. (e.g proprioreceptors: body position) 4. Thermoreceptors: In the skin, detect heat/cold.
41
What is serotonin?
-Inhibitory neurotransmitter. -Regulates temp and sensory perception. -Involved in mood control.
42
What is acetylcholine?
-An excitatory transmitter. -Causes depolarization and contraction of muscle fibre.
43
What is cholinesterase?
-An enzyme released into the synapse to break down acetylcholine. -Allows the ion channels to close and the membrane to repolarize.

Bio 30 Mahaffy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions