Bio 30 Mahaffy > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is Ploidy?

A

-The number of sets of chromosomes a species has.

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2
Q

What is diploid (2)?

A

-Cells which contain pairs of chromosomes, e.g somatic cells in humans.
-Represented has 2n=46.

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3
Q

What is haploid?

A

-Cells which have only one of each chromosome, e.g gametes (sperm/egg).
-Represented as n=23.

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4
Q

What is polyploid?

A

-Cells which have sets of more than two homologous chromosomes.
-E.g wheat is 6n (hexaploid).

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5
Q

Describe the cell growth stages

A

-(Interphase), most time is spent here.
-3 phases:
G1: Cell grows quickly
S: DNA is copied (therefore synthesis)
G2: Cell rebuilds its supply of energy.

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6
Q

What is the goal of mitosis?

A

-Create 2 identical daughter cells.

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7
Q

What is meiosis?

A

-Process that produces haploid gametes (n) from diploid cells (2n).
-Goal is to have DNA variation, only time we don’t want identical daughter cells.
-Formation of gametes.

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8
Q

What is reduction division?

A

-Part of the formation of gametes.
-Production of two daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cell.

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9
Q

What is recombination?

A

-The products of meiosis have different combinations of genes (Shuffling).
-Offspring ends up being genetically distinct from one another and the parents.

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10
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

-Happens right after mitosis.
-Cytoplasm division.
-Cell membrane indents and deepens, pinching the cell in two.
-In plants a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei and extends, separating the cells in two.

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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Offers a population a way to adapt to a changing environment.
  2. Competition between siblings is reduced if they are diverse.
  3. Crossing over offers opportunities to replace or repair damaged chromosomes.

Cost: Energy (time or energy).

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12
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. Quick: only one parent.
  2. Less energy.
  3. Many forms: Budding, fission, etc.

No variation (almost). Can have mutation but can backfire.

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13
Q

What is fusion and budding?

A

-Fusion is the joining of two cells (fertilization).
-Budding: a complete but miniature version of the parent grows out from the parent’s body.

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14
Q

What are Hershey and Chase responsible for?

A

-DNA is the hereditary information/molecule.
-Radioactively labeled a viral protein coat.
-Radioactively labeled viral DNA.
-Both were allowed to infect bacteria.
-DNA had entered the bacteria.

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15
Q

What was Levine responsible for?

A

-Nucleic acids are made of long chains of nucleotides.
-Each nucleotide is made of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and one of the 5 nitrogen bases.

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16
Q

What are the 5 nitrogen bases in a nucleotide?

A

For DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.
For RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.

-Adenine and Guanine are purine (2 rings).
-Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil are pyrimidines (1 ring).

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17
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

-The amount of Adenine is equal to Thymine, and the amount of Cytosine is equal to Guanine.

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18
Q

What were Watson, Crick and Franklin responsible for?

A

-Franklin used X-ray crystalllography to conclude that DNA has a helical structure, and the nitrogen bases are on the inside and the backbone on the outside.
-Watson and Crick compiled evidence and described the structure of DNA.

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19
Q

Why is DNA replication Semi-conservative?

A

-Each new molecule of DNA contains one strand of the new complementary DNA molecule and one original parent strand.

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20
Q

Describe the helicase

A

-Binds to the DNA (genes) at the replication origin and unwinds the helix.

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21
Q

What is the replication fork?

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A

-The Y shaped area where the DNA is unwinding.

22
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

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A

-Adds new nucleotides to the strand.
-RNA primer acts as a starting point for elongation.
-Can only go in direction of 5’ to 3’.

23
Q

Describe elongation in DNA replication.

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A

-Leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated in short fragments called Okazaki fragments which are spliced together by Ligase.
-DNA polymerase then runs along strand to proofread. No hydrogen bonding or a size difference means mismatch.
-Usually only makes 3 mistakes over 3 billion, could be for sake of mutation.

24
Q

What is the goal of transcription and translation?

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A

-Goal of transcription is to create a mRNA molecule that carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
-Goal of translation is to use the mRNA molecule as a template to synthesize a specific protein with the help of ribosomes and tRNA.

25
What is somatic and germ line mutation?
-Somatic (body) cell mutation: not be passed on. -Germ line (gamete producing) mutation: Can be passed on.
26
What is a mutation?
-Permanent change in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism. -Only ones that affect gametes (like sperm or egg) are passed on to an offspring.
27
What happens if a mutation happens?
-Normally DNA repairs itself during replication. -DNA polymerase proofreads the strand. -If a mutation is found restriction enzyme (genetic scissors) cut out the mutation. -The appropriate base is added by DNA polymerase. -Ligase (genetic glue) seals the break.
28
Where is genetic material located?
-Genetic material is located in the nucleus (nuclear DNA), mitochondrion (mtDNA), and chloroplast (cpDNA). -Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA unique from the nucleus.
29
What is point mutation?
-Affects just one or a few nucleotides. Substitution: one for another. Insertion Deletion
30
What are silent mutations?
-A mutation that has no effect on the cells metabolism.
31
What are Missense mutations?
-Renders the cell unable to code for a functional polypeptide.
32
What is a frame shift mutation?
-Causes the entire reading frame to be altered. -Caused by an insertion or deletion (bad).
33
What are chromosomal mutations?
-Affect several genes, such as crossing over/nondisjunction.
34
What are nonsense mutations?
-Causes premature “stop” codon.
35
What happens during the process of transcription?
-DNA unzips and RNA polymerase catalyzes the reaction to bring mRNA (messenger RNA) nulceotides to the coding side (anti-sense) of the DNA molecule, forming a mRNA strand. -Other side of the DNA molecule is called none-coding (sense). -As the mRNA strand is formed it falls off of the DNA molecule and is transported to from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
36
What is restricting endonuclease?
-Special type of restricting enzymes that cut at the interior of the DNA instead of the end.
37
What are restriction enzymes?
-Cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
38
What are recombinant DNA?
-DNA that includes genetic material from different sources. -E.g insulin for diabetes mellitus.
39
What are gel electrophoresis?
-Used to separate molecules according to size and mass. -Can be used to separate pieces of DNA. -A pattern of bands is established called a DMA fingerprint.
40
What is a transgenic organism?
-Produced by incorporating the DNA from one organism into another to create a new genetic combination.
41
What are mutagens?
-A substance that increases the rate of mutations in an organism. -Physical: X-rays, UV light. -Chemical: nitrates, different components in cigarettes.
42
What is mtDNA?
-Mitochondrial DNA can be used to trace lineage and ancestors (all comes from mom).
43
What is genomics and proteomics?
Genomics: Study of the entire genome. Proteomics: Study of all the proteins in an organism.
44
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Genetic info of a cell, governs the process of hereditary, contains deoxyribose sugar. RNA: involved in gene expression and protein synthesis, contains ribose sugar, single stranded.
45
Describe fraternal twins
-If more than one secondary oocyte is released during ovulation, both are fertilized, and both successfully implant. -No more alike than any other siblings, will have separate umbilical cords and placenta.
46
Describe identical twins
-If a single zygote or blastocyst divides into two separate bodies in the first few days of development. -Genetically identical. -May have separate or shared placenta.
47
What are advantages of plants life cycle consisting of two generations?
1. Diploid (sporophyte) 2. Haploid (Gametophyte) -Best of both worlds, when energy is available (lots of resources) they can do sexual, but when resources are scarce can use asexual.
48
What is nondisjunction?
-When chromosomes or chromatids don’t separate as they should during meiosis. -Occurs in anaphase 1 and anaphase 2.
49
Describe monosomy and trisomy
-Monosomy is when one chromosome is lost due to nondisjunction. -E.g. Turner syndrome: one missing X chromosome (results in underdeveloped female characteristics). -Trisomy is the gain of an extra chromosome. -E.g. Down syndrome.
50
Describe independent assortment
-The homologous pairs that line up do so independently of one another. -Genes get passed down independently from one another, like flipping a coin, outcome of one doesn’t affect outcome of the next. -E.g. chromosome 1 and 2 may have maternal chromosomes facing the same pole or opposite poles.
51
Describe genetic recombination
-When a tetrad is lined up, pieces of genetic info from non sister chromatids may switch or cross over.

Bio 30 Mahaffy (8 decks)

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