Nervous Control of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Components of brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal Cord

My Penis Might Split

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2
Q

Role of neural regulation of ventilation

A

Setting rhythm and pattern of ventilation while controlling respiratory muscles

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3
Q

Why is neural regulation faster than chemical regulation

A

Neural control dependent on fast acting impulses to and from the CNS

Chemical control has to respond to chemical changes in pCO2 and pO2 which takes time

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4
Q

Respiratory depression

A

Rate and/or depth of respiration is insufficient to maintain adequate gas exchange in lungs

Occurs as result on the medullary & pons centres

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5
Q

Drugs and Respiratory Depression

A

Some drug side effects can cause respiratory depression (e.g. benzodiazepines, opioids)

It can be reversed by analeptics

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6
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

It is associated with inspiration -
Fibres from this region innervate diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

DRG neurons switch on then off causing a rhythmic pattern

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7
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

Fibres from VRG innervate the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

Activity enhanced during forced expiration

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8
Q

Pneumotaxic centre

A

Transmits signals to the DRG to limit inspiration

Fine tunes breathing and facilitates the rhythmic pattern

Prevents over-inflation of lungs

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9
Q

Apneustic Centre

A

Responsible for prolonged inspiratory gasps (apneusis)

Prolongs DRG stimulation

Not clear on involvement in normal ventilation

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10
Q

Apneusis

A

Disturbance of respiratory rhythm characterized by severely prolonged inspiratory effort

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11
Q

Vagus Nerve (in ventilation)

A

Sends signals to DRG

Prevents overstimulation of DRG and thus prevents its overinflation

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12
Q
Summarise the roles of:
DRG
VRG
Pneuomtaxic Centre
Apneustic Centre
Vagus Nerve
A

DRG: Inspiration
VRG: Forced Expiration
Pneuomtaxic Centre: Switch off inspiration
Apneustic Centre: Prolongs DRG stimulation (inspiration)
Vagus Nerve: Switch off inspiration

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13
Q

Transection on Breathing

A
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14
Q

Higher brain centres that play a role in ventilation

A

Hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex in ventilation and its limitation

A

Associated with voluntary ventilation

Bypasses medullary centres during conscious control

Limited ability to breath hold

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16
Q

Hypothalamus on ventilation

A

Strong emotions, pain and changes in temperature can alter respiratory rate and rhythm

Causes apnoea as induced by negative emotions (anger, pain) or decreases in temp

Tachypnea (rapid breathing) can be induced by excitation or increase in temperature

Think of a toddler

17
Q

Stretch Receptors - Location, sensitivity, role

A

Located in SM of trachea and bronchi

Sensitive to lung expansion

Lung Expansion –> Respiratory Centre –> Inspiration is shorter and shallower –> Prevents overinflation of the lungs

18
Q

Juxtapulmonary Receptors - Location, Stimulus, Role

A

Lie in alveolar wall between epithelia and endothelia (close to pulmonary capillaries)

Stimulated by Congestion, Oedema, Histamine - Inflammation

Activation results in Apnoea or rapid shallow breathing, bronchoconstriction and mucous secretion

19
Q

C-Fibre Receptors

A

Juxtapulmonary Receptors

20
Q

Irritant Receptors

A

Located between epithelial cells

Sensitive to irritant gases, smoke and dust

Activation results in rapid shallow breathing, cough, btonchoconstriction, mucous secretion and augmented breaths (Gasps)

21
Q

Irritant Receptors - Location, Stimulus, Effect

A

Located between epithelial cells

Sensitive to irritant gases, smoke and dust

Activation results in rapid shallow breathing, cough, bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, augmented breaths

22
Q

Consequences of stimulating irritant receptors in:

Bronchioles, Trachea/Bronchi, Nasal Cavity

A

Bronchioles - Airways constrict (asthma)
Trachea & Bronchi - Coughing
Nasal Cavity - Sneezing