Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > Nervous & Endocrine & Sense Organs > Flashcards

Nervous & Endocrine & Sense Organs Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What Are the two parts of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Central Nervous System

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

consists of all the other nervous tissue
e.g. motor neurons, motor endplates, sensor receptors,
sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the six parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Pituitary gland
  5. Medulla oblongata
  6. Meninges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the function of the cerebrum

A

consciousness, intelligence, memory
language.

It’s outer layer consists of grey matter And the inner part consists of white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the function of the Cerebellum

A

Muscle co-ordination and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the function of the Hypothalamus

A

controls homeostatic
responses such as temperature and
osmoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the function of the Pituitary gland

A

Master endocrine gland that Secretes many hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Regulates heart and breathing rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the function of the meninges

A

Three protective membranes surrounding

the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a neuron

A

nerve cell specialised to generate and transmit nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuron diagram labels

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. Myelin sheath
  4. Axon
  5. Schwann cell
  6. Axon
  7. Presynaptic knobs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the cell body

A

o makes neurotransmitters
o Generates impulses
o Cell body of motor neuron lies inside CNS
o Cell body of sensory neuron lies in dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the dendrites

A

Branched extensions of cell body, collect impulses from many neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the Axon

A

Carries impulses away from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the Myelin sheath

A

Insulates axon, speeds up impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the Schwann cell

A

Produces myelin sheath, speeds up transmission of impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the Neurotransmitter Vesicles

A
  • they are Bags of neurotransmitter
    o Found in pre-synaptic knob
    o Neurotransmitters carry impulse across the synapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name and describe the three neuron types

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Sensory Neuron
     Carries impulse from receptors to CNS
  2. Interneuron
     Links sensory neuron to motor neurons
     Only found in the grey matter
     Forms part of Reflex Arc
  3. Motor Neuron
     Carries impulse from CNS to Effector [muscles or glands]
20
Q

What is threshold

Study These Flashcards
A

the minimum level of a stimulus above which the neuron will fire

21
Q

What is the All-or-nothing law

Study These Flashcards
A

there is either an impulse or no impulse

22
Q

What is the intensity of an impulse

Study These Flashcards
A

It is measured by frequency of impulses

23
Q

What is a synapse

Study These Flashcards
A

Connection between two nerve cells or nerve cell and target cell

24
Q

Describe the process of transmitting an impulse

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Impulse arrives
  2. Synaptic vesicles release
    neurotransmitter
  3. Diffuses across synapse
  4. Neurotransmitter attaches to receptor
  5. Triggers impulse in post-synaptic
    membrane
  6. Neurotransmitter deactivated by
    enzyme
  7. Neurotransmitter broken down and returns to presynaptic knob to be reassembled
    and repackaged
25
What is a reflex arc
Automatic response to stimulus not involving brain Eg: pulling away from a hot object
26
What is the mechanism of reflex action
a) Sensory receptor detects stimulus, b) Impulse along sensory neuron, c) Across interneuron, d) Straight out through motor neuron, e) Effector responds, f) Brain not involved g) Minimises injury
27
What is grey matter
1. Consists mainly of cell bodies | 2. Is located in the centre of the spinal cord and on the outside of the brain
28
What is white matter
 Consists mainly of  Is located in the outside of the spinal cord and on the inside of the brain
29
Parkinson’s syndrome
Symptoms: shuffling walk and shaking uncontrolably Cause: Lack of Dopamine, Prevention: None Treatment: Levodopa.
30
Ear diagram labels and their functions
 Pinna: collects sound waves and directs it into external auditory canal  Eardrum: vibrates with sound waves  Ossicles: hammer, anvil and stirrup amplify vibrations  Cochlea: converts vibrations to nervous impulses  Auditory Nerve: carries (electrical) impulse to brain  Eustachian Tube: connects middle ear to pharynx to equalize pressure in middle ear  Semi-circular Canals: give information about movement and orientation in three planes  Vestibular Nerve: carries information about movement and orientation to the brain
31
Name a hearing defect, its cause, and its treatment
Defect: Otitis media (Glue ear) Cause: Fluid in middle ear (reduces hearing) Treatment: Grommets
32
How does light affect the pupil
In bring light the pupil constricts and in dim light it is dilated
33
What are rods and cones in the retina
* Rods: black and white, only work in dim light | * Cones: see colour mainly around fovea only work in bright light
34
Eye labels and their functions (14)
1. Retina: light sensitive cells( cones and rods ) 2. Blind spot: where optic nerve leaves eye 3. Fovea: sharpest vision 4. Choroid: prevents internal reflection 5. Sclera: protects and maintains eye shape 6. Ciliary body: adjusts lens shape 7. Suspensory ligament: holds lens in place 8. Iris: colored part of the eye 9. Lens: fine focuses light 10. Pupil: lets light in and controls how much light enters the eye 11. Cornea: focuses light 12. Optic nerve: carries information to the brain 13. Aqueous humour: maintains shape of the eye 14. Vitreous humour: maintains shape of the eye ( the inside)
35
Name and explain two sight faults
``` 1. Long Sight  Can see far objects clearly but near object blurred  Light focused behind retina  Correction convex lens ``` ``` 2. Short Sight  Can see close objects clearly but far objects blurred  Light focused in front of retina  Correction concave lens ```
36
What is responsible for the sense of smell
Olfactory mucus membrane on top of nasal cavity. It is Full of chemoreceptors.
37
Skin diagram labels
1. Sweat gland: produces sweat 2. Sebaceous gland: produces oil to moisturizes skin and hair 3. Hair 4. Nerves (sensory receptors): feels touch, hot, cold, pain etc 5. Erector muscle: causes piloerection 6. Layer of fat: insulates heat
38
What are the different tastes
Salty Sweet Bitter Sour
39
What is an endocrine gland
secretes its products directly into the | blood stream
40
What is an exocrine gland
What is an endocrine gland
41
What is a hormone
Chemical messenger produced in endocrine gland and transported in blood stimulating target tissue to change its activity
42
Compare hormonal action and nervous action
Nervous: 1. Fast acting 2. Short lived 3. Electrical Hormonal: 1. Slow acting 2. Long lived 3. Chemical
43
Name different glands in the body, the hormone they secrete, and the function of that hormone
1. Pineal: Melatonin ( Induces relaxation) 2. Hypothalamus: GHRH or growth hormone regulating hormone (Stimulates pituitary to release growth hormone) 3. Pituitary: prolactin (Stimulates milk formation in mammary glands) 4. Thyroid: Thyroxine ( increases metabolic rate ) 5. Thymus: thymosin (Stimulates the maturation of T cells) 6. Adrenal: adrenaline (Increases pulse and breathing rate) 7. Pancreas Islets of Langerhans: insulin (Stimulates the uptake of glucose from blood) 8. Ovary: oestrogen ( Development of secondary sexual characteristics, formation of Graffian Follicle) 9. Testis: testosterone (Development of secondary sexual characteristics, sperm production)
44
Thyroxine disorders
Deficiency Symptoms a) Children cretinism b) Adult low metabolic rate and weight gain Excess Symptoms – high metabolic rate and weight loss Corrective Measures a) Deficiency: give thyroxine b) Excess: surgically removal of some or all of thyroid
45
Give two examples of hormonal supplements
1. Insulin: to control blood sugar levels for diabetics | 2. Oxytocin: to induce and speed up labour in maternity hospitals

biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions