Nervous & Endocrine System

Question 1

Resting Membrane Potential

Answer 1

Electrical potential across the membrane of approx. -70mV. Cell is negatively charged on the interior.

Question 2

Na/K ATPase

Answer 2

Pumps 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP

Question 3

Polarized cells are what on the inside? Outside?

Answer 3

Negative on the inside, positive on the outside

Question 4

Depolarization does what to the potential of a cell?

Answer 4

Makes it LESS negative or even positive

Question 5

An action Potential is what type of impulse?

Answer 5

Electrochemical

Question 6

Voltage gated sodium channels are located in what part of the axon?

Answer 6

Plasma Membrane

Question 7

Once the threshold potential is released, voltage gated sodium channels are? What happens? What type of polarization causes the threshold potential to be reached?

Answer 7

Sodium channels are OPENED. When opened, sodium ions flow INTO the cell. Depolarization causes the threshold potential to be reached.

Question 8

What factors affect repolarization of the membrane?

Answer 8

Once opened, Voltage gated sodium channels quickly inactivate. Voltage Gated Potassium channels open slowly and stap open longer allowing potassium to leave the cell returning the membrane potential to slightly below its resting potential.

Question 9

Myelin

Answer 9

A sheath that insulates portions of axons and does not allow ions to enter or exit the axon where it is wrapped about the axon.

Question 10

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 10

The rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons

Question 11

During action potential, movement of Na & K ions across the membrane through the voltage gated channels is:

Answer 11

Passive & driven by gradients

Question 12

The equilibrium potential for Na is? K?

Answer 12

Sodium is positive, Potassium is negative

Question 13

Synapes

Answer 13

The junction between the axon terminus of a neuron and the dendrites,some, or axon of a second neuron.

Question 14

Electrical Synapses

Answer 14

Occur when the cytoplasms of two cells are joined by gap junctions. The action potential will spread directly from one cell to the other in this case.

Question 15

Chemical Synapses

Answer 15

Found at the end of axons where they meet their target cell. The action potential is converted to a chemical signal at this point.

Question 16

Steps of transmission of a signal across a chemical synapse in the nervous system:

Answer 16

(1) Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane (result of an action potential) causes the opening of voltage gated CALCIUM channels. (2) Ca ions flow INTO the presynaptic cell causing the EFFLUX of neurotransmitters in secratory vesicles. (3) Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the post-synaptic membrane (ligand gated ion channels) (4) Opening of these ions causes membrane polarization in the POST-synaptic neuron. Action potential continues

Question 17

4 Different Neurotransmitters

Answer 17

GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

Question 18

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Answer 18

OPEN a channel that depolarizes the post synaptic membrane

Question 19

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Answer 19

Induce a hyper polarization of the post synaptic membrane

Question 20

Sensory function is carried out by which nervous system

Answer 20

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 21

Processing of information is carried out by which nervous system?

Answer 21

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 22

Motor Function is carried out by which nervous system?

Answer 22

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 23

A reflex involving only 2 neurons and one synapse is known as a:

Answer 23

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Question 24

Autonomic System

Answer 24

Involuntary control of glands and smooth muscles, includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 25

Effects of Para-symp on digestive & urinary system

Answer 25

Glands: stimulation, Motility: stimulation, Sphincters: relaxation, Bladder: contraction, Urethral Sphincter: relaxation

Question 26

Effects of para-symp on bronchial smooth muscle

Answer 26

constriction (closing of airways)

Question 27

Effects of para-symp on cardiovascular system, eyes, & genitals

Answer 27

Decreases heart rate, contractility & blood flows. Constricts pupils, accommodates near vision. Genitals: erection/lubrication.

Question 28

The 3 subdivisions of the brain

Answer 28

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 29

3 Divisions of the Hindbrain

Answer 29

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 30

Medulla

Answer 30

Area of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. Relays information of the brain, regulates autonomic functions including BP & digestion

Question 31

Pons

Answer 31

Connection point between the brain stem and cerebellum. Controls some autonomic funtions and coordinates movement, role in belance and posture.

Question 32

Cerebellum

Answer 32

Integrating center where complex movements are coordinated. Damage results in poor hand eye coordination and balance. Receives info from the inner ear.

Question 33

Midbrain

Answer 33

Relay for visual and auditory information. Contains the Reticular Activating System which is responsible for arousal and wakefulness.

Question 34

Brainstem

Answer 34

Medulla, pons, and midbrain. Relays information from the cerebellum to cerebrum

Question 35

2 Divisions of the Forebrain

Answer 35

Diancephalon, Telencephalon

Question 36

Divisions of the Diancephalon

Answer 36

Thalmas & Hypothalmus

Question 37

Thalmus

Answer 37

Located between the cerebral hemispheres. Contains relay and processing centers for sensory information

Question 38

Hypothalmus

Answer 38

Interacts directly with parts of the brain. Controls emotions and autonomic functions, major role in hormone production and release. Major control center for Endocrine system.

Question 39

Telencephalon

Answer 39

Consists of the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 40

Corpus Callosum

Answer 40

Bundle of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 41

Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 41

responsible for conscious thought processes

Question 42

4 Lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 42

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

Question 43

Frontal Lobes

Answer 43

Initiate all voluntary movement, complex reasoning skills and problem solving

Question 44

Parietal Lobes

Answer 44

General sensations and in taste

Question 45

Temporal Lobes

Answer 45

Process auditory and olfactory sensations and are involved in short term memory

Question 46

Occipital Lobes

Answer 46

Process visual sensation

Question 47

All neurons entering and exiting the CNS are carried by 12 pairs of ____ nerves and 31 pairs of ___ nerves

Answer 47

cranial ; spinal

Question 48

Vagus Nerves

Answer 48

Cranial nerve. Decreases heart rate and increases GI activity

Question 49

All somatic motor neurons innervate ____ muscle cells and use ___ as their neurotransmitters

Answer 49

Skeletal; ACH

Question 50

All somatic sensory neurons have a long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor towards the __

Answer 50

Soma.

Question 51

All autonomic preganglionic neurons and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitters.

Answer 51

Acetylcholine

Question 52

Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitters

Answer 52

Norepinephrine

Question 53

What are the inner and outer portions of the adrenal glands known as?

Answer 53

Inner portion: Medulla. Outer portion: Cortex

Question 54

What does the cortex secrete?

Answer 54

Glucocorticoids (cortisol); Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone); and sex hormones

Question 55

The adrenal medulla is part of which nervous system?

Answer 55

sympathetic

Question 56

Upon stimulation the adrenal gland releases ___

Answer 56

Epinephrine

Question 57

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 57

respond to mechanical disturbances. i.e Pacinian Corpuscles (skin pressure)

Question 58

Chemorecptors

Answer 58

respond to chemical stimulation

Question 59

Nocireceptors

Answer 59

Pain receptors. DO NOT ADAPT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES

Question 60

Night vision is accomplished by the___

Answer 60

Rods

Question 61

Color and high acuity vision is accomplished by th ___

Answer 61

Cones

Question 62

Myopia

Answer 62

Nearsighted, too much curvature causing light to be bent and focused in front of the retina

Question 63

Hyperopia

Answer 63

Farsighted, focusing of light behind the retina.

Question 64

Presbyopia

Answer 64

Inability to accommodate focus, results from lack of flexibility of the lens

Question 65

The signal of the endocrine system is

Answer 65

Hormone

Question 66

Hydrophilic Hormones

Answer 66

Peptides and AA derivatives, must bind to receptors on the cell surface

Question 67

Hydrophobic Hormones

Answer 67

Steroids, bind to receptors in the cellular interior

Question 68

Where are peptide hormones synthesized and modified?

Answer 68

Synthesized in the rough ER, modified in the Golgi.

Question 69

Peptide Hormones

Answer 69

Dissolve in the blood plasma, can not cross biological membranes. Effects exerted rapidly and have a short duration of action.

Question 70

Steroid Hormones

Answer 70

hydrophoic, synthesized from cholesterol in the smooth ER. Freely diffues through biological membrane. Effects are exerted slowly

Question 71

Steroids regulating what are stored secreted by the testes, ovaries, and placenta?

Answer 71

Sexuality, reproduction, development

Question 72

Steroids regulating what are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 72

Water balance and other processes.