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PHYS 150: physiology > nervous physiology > Flashcards

nervous physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

explain each

A
  1. sympathetic = fight or flight
  2. parasympathetic = rest & digest
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2
Q

What are the control centers of the ANS ?

state their functions

A
  1. spinal cord = simple reflexes
  2. brain stem= more complex reflexes
  3. hypothalamus = body temp, hunger, thirst, fluid retention
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3
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

hint: fiber & neurons

A
  1. preganglionic neuron = before the ganglion
  2. preganglionic fiber = goes toward the ganglion
  3. ganglion = has NTs
  4. postganglionic fiber = leaves the ganglion
  5. postganglionic neuron = after ganglion
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4
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers emerge from in the SNS?

A

T1-L2 of spinal cord

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5
Q

Where is the ganglion located in the SNS?

A

near CNS

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6
Q

Why are preganglionic fibers short in the SNS?

A

because the ganglion is closer to the CNS (doesn’t need to go far)

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7
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers emerge from in the PNS?

A

brainstem & S2-S4 (sacral)

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8
Q

Where is the ganglia located in the PNS?

A

Near the effector organ

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9
Q

Why are preganglionic fibers long in the PNS?

A

Ganglia is located closer to effector organ = farther distance so fibers need to be long to reach ganglia

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released in the SNS?

A

acetylcholine (Ach) & norepinephrine (NE)

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11
Q

Where are NTs: Ach & NE released in the SNS?

A

Ach = preganglionic
NE = postganglionic (final step before activating target cells during the fight or flight response)

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12
Q

Which NTs are released in the PNS?

A

Acetycholine (Ach)

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13
Q

Where is Ach released in the PNS?

A

pre & post-ganglionic
* allows for a more precise and localized regulation of bodily functions

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14
Q

What enzyme breaks down Ach?

state how long it takes

A

acetylcholineresterase (AchE)
* fast bc it’s an enzyme

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15
Q

How is NE broken down?

A

via reuptake
* reabsorbed by postganglionic neurons
* slow

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16
Q

What do you call the fibre that secretes Ach at the axon terminal?

explain how they do it

A

cholinergic fibers
* Ach binds to cholinergic receptor to activate it

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17
Q

What is the name of the fibre that secretes NE & E at the axon terminal?

explain how it is secreted

A

adrenergic fibers
* NE or E binds to adrenergic receptors to activate it

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18
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  1. alpha adrenergic receptors
  2. beta adrenergic receptors
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19
Q

Which adrenergic receptor acts on smooth muscles in the GI tract & peripheral blood vessels?

A

alpha adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

Which adrenergic receptor acts on the majority of organs?

A

beta adrenergic receptors

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21
Q

List and explain the 2 types of alpha adrenergic receptors

state function

A
  1. alpha adrenergic 1 = constriction (excitatory)
  2. alpha adrenergic 2 = dilation (relaxation)
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22
Q

List and explain the 2 types of beta adrenergic receptors

A
  1. beta adrenergic 1 = increases HR & skeletal muscle activity
  2. beta adrenergic 2 = bronchodilation
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23
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on blood vessels?

coronary arteries, sk muscle arteries, visceral arteries, cutaneous

A

coronary arteries = vasoconstriction
skeletal muscle arteries = vasoconstriction
visceral arteries = vasoconstriction –> redirects blood flow to more important organs (heart, brain)
cutaneous arteries = vasoconstriction –> conserve body heat during periods of high stress or exercise & redirect blood to more important organs (heart, brain)

Rationale = in periods of high stress, NE is released and binds to alpha adrenergic receptors causing vasoconstriction.

result = increased resistance to blood flow and an increase in blood pressure

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24
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on blood vessels?

coronary arteries, sk muscle arteries, visceral arteries, cutaneous

A

coronary arteries = vasodilation
skeletal muscle arteries = vasodilation
visceral arteries = vasodilation
cutaneous arteries = vasodilation

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25
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on iris of the eye?

A

pupil dilates

rationale = pupil dilates to take in as much information in the room in stressful situations or when stimulated

ex. low light conditions

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26
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on iris of the eye?

A

pupil constricts

rationale = reduce size of pupil when there is too much information in environment

ex. too sunny

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27
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on heart rate?

A

Increases HR

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28
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on heart rate?

A

decreases HR
calm & relaxed

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29
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on the respiratory system?

rate & depth of breathing, bronchioles

A

rate & depth of breathing = increased
bronchioles = dilates –> allow for more air intake

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30
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on the respiratory system?

rate & depth of breathing, bronchioles

A

rate & depth of breathing = decreased
bronchioles = constricts

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31
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on the GI system?

tract, sphincter, salivary glands, liver

A

GI tract = decreased activity
GI sphincter = decreased activity
salivary glands = decreased activity/secretion
Liver = increased activity –> increase glucose availability so body has energy to respond to environmental stimulus/threat

rationale = body diverts/mobilizes energy to where it needs it most –> heart & brain. brain needs sugar to function especially in stressful or stimulating situations

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32
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on the GI system?

tract, sphincter, salivary glands, liver

A

GI tract = increased activity
GI sphincter = increased activity
salivary glands = increased activity
liver = increased activity –> increase secretion of bile

rationale = GI system dominates during rest & digest

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33
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on the urinary system?

urinary bladder; sphincters

A

decreased activity
urinary bladder = relaxes bladder
urethral sphincters = relaxed

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34
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on the urinary system?

urinary bladder; sphincters

A

increased activity
urinary bladder = constricts
urethral sphincters = constricts

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35
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on the adrenal medulla?

A

increased activity

rationale = releases adrenaline in response to stress

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36
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on the adrenal medulla?

A

decreased activity

rationale = no threat so body is calm

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37
Q

What is the physiological effect of the SNS on sweat glands?

A

increased sweat production

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38
Q

What is the physiological effect of the PNS on sweat glands?

A

decreased sweat production

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39
Q

List the cerebral tracts

A
  1. commissural tracts
  2. projection tracts
  3. association tracts
40
Q

What is the function of commissural tracts?

A

connects both hemispheres together

41
Q

What is the function of projection tracts?

list types

A

carries info to and from the brain (up & down)

ascending tract = carry info to the cerebral cortex
descending tract = carry info down from cortex

42
Q

What is the function of association tracts?

A

connects regions within a single hemisphere

43
Q

What is the limbic system and what organs are associated with it?

state function

A

emotional brain
* linked to memory & emotions
* amygdala & hippocampus are associated with this

44
Q

List the functions of the limbic system

A
  • linked to emotional aspects of behaviour = pain, pleasure, fear, rage, sorrow, affection
  • links conscious intellectual functions of the cerebrum with unconscious autonomic functions of brain stem
  • memory storage & retrieval
45
Q

What condition occurs when basal ganglia degenerate?

A

Parkinson’s disease
* motor issues & inhibition of movements

46
Q

List the functions of cerebal nuclei

other names = basal ganglia, basal nuclei

A
  • receives input from entire cerebral cortex
  • cognition & coordination of movement
  • gross, autonomic movements
  • regulates muscle tone throughout the body
47
Q

What part of the brain is the automatic processing center?

A

cerebellum

48
Q

List the functions of the cerebellum

A
  • compares motor commands with input from proprioceptors
  • mainatins posture, muscle tone, balance
  • coordination of smooth, complex sequences
  • real time fine tuning of movements
49
Q

List the motor pathways

A
  1. pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
  2. extra-pyramidal tracts
50
Q

Where do motor pathways start and end?

A

start = motor cortex
end = spinal cord

51
Q

Which tract is the direct pathway to LMN ?

motor pathways

A

pyramidal (corticospinal) tract

52
Q

Explain the pathway of pyramidal tracts

motor pathway

A
  1. starts in the pre-central gyrus
  2. goes through midbrain
  3. 90% decussate/cross over at the medulla –> descends as lateral corticospinal tracts
  4. 10% descend uncrossed as anterior corticospinal tracts
  5. the 10% crosses at the spinal cord
  6. go towards the LMN –> muscles

rationale = decussation allows for the precise and coordinated control of movements on the opposite side of the body –> smooth & efficient control

53
Q

Which tract is responsible for fine, voluntary movements ?

list other functions

A

pyramidal tracts

other functions: muscle tone control, excitatory

54
Q

Which tract is the indirect pathway to LMN ?

motor pathway

A

extra-pyramidal tracts

55
Q

Explain the pathways of extrapyramidal tracts

motor pathway

A
  1. starts in the pre-central gyrus
  2. Makes stopover in medulla oblongata/brain
  3. goes to motor neuron

think indirect flight bc lots of stopovers

56
Q

What is the function of extra pyramidal tracts?

motor pathway

A
  • unconscious movements
  • gross movements –> posture, balance, coordination
57
Q

Where are upper motor neurons located?

A

start in the primary motor area & end in ventral horn of spinal cord

58
Q

Where are the cell bodies of UMNs located?

A

in the brain

59
Q

What are lower motor neurons (LMNs) ?

A
  • peripheral neurons that stimulate effector muscles
  • cell bodies are in the ventral horn of spinal cord
60
Q

What is spastic paralysis?

state cause & symptoms

A

cause = UMN lesion
manifestations = exaggerative reflexes; missing voluntary movmements

61
Q

What would be the effect of a UMN lesion?

A
  • interrupts pulses from motor area to the spinal cord –> causes an imbalance of excitatory
  • reflexes would not be affected bc they go straight to the spinal cord
62
Q

What is flaccid paralysis?

cause & symptoms

A

cause = LMN lesion
manifestations = absent reflexes, no voluntary movement

63
Q

What is the overall effect of a LMN lesion?

A
  • signals will not be able to get to effector muscles
  • reflexes will also not be able to get to effector muscles
64
Q

Which type of lesion is most dangerous? Why?

A

LMN lesion
* LMN is the only pathway from ventral horn to the effector –> once damaged, it can’t be replaced
* UMN lesions can be compensated bc there are several patwhays from the brain to the ventral horn

65
Q

What is the function of ANS?

A

involuntary movement
* smooth muscle (GI, bladder, blood vessels)
* cardiac muscle
* glands
* muscles of respiration

maintains homeostasis
* cardiovascular function
* respiration
* digestion
* excretion
* reproduction

66
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. CNS = brain + spinal cord
  2. PNS = cranial & spinal nerves
67
Q

Which neurons carry information towards the CNS?

A

afferent neurons

68
Q

Which neurons carry information away from the CNS?

A

efferent neurons
* goes towards effector muscles

69
Q

Describe the pathway of a signal going from the brain to the effector muscle

mention tracts & neuron

A
  1. brain sends signal
  2. signal goes down descending tract to spinal cord
  3. goes to efferent neuron
  4. efferent neuron carries signal to effector
70
Q

Describe the pathway of a signal from a receptor going to the brain

mention tract & neuron

A
  1. external stimulus is picked up by receptor
  2. information is carried to the spinal cord by afferent neuron
  3. goes up the ascending tract
  4. to brain
71
Q

What would cause a more severe injury: an injury higher or lower on the spinal cord ?

A

injury higher up on the spinal cord

72
Q

what neurons carry information within the CNS?

A

association neurons
* transfer information

73
Q

How many neurons make up the sensory pathway ?

explain each

A

first order = peripheral neuron
- cell body is in the dorsal root ganglion
- sends impulses to spinal cord or brainstem

second order = carries impulses to the thalamus
- cell body in* grey matter *of the spinal cord/brainstem

third order = carries impulses from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex
- cell body in the thalamus
- no 3rd order neurons in the cerebellum

74
Q

What is the organization of the spinal cord?

grey and white matter

A

grey matter = divided into horns
-dorsal horn (on the side of the dorsal root ganglion), ventral horn

white matter = divided into funiculi (columns)
-dorsal columns, ventral columns, lateral columns

75
Q

What is the term for “same side”?

A

ipsilateral

76
Q

What is the term for “opposite side”?

A

contralateral

77
Q

What are the dorsal columns?

function, location

A

location: dorsal funiculus of spinal cord

  • ascends ipsilaterally to the brainstem
  • 2nd order neurons: crosses at medulla & ends in thalamus
  • 3rd order neuron: ends at primary sensory cortex

function = transmit information from receptors in skin, muscles, joints
* pressure
* vibration
* fine touch
* stereogenesis

3 neurons

78
Q

What are the spinothalamic tracts ?

types, functions, location

A

location:
* 1st order: carries impulse to spinal cord
* 2nd order: crosses in spinal cord & ascends contralaterally to the thalamus
* 3rd order: ends at primary sensory area

types: 2 = lateral & anterior

functions:
1. lateral = pain & temperature
2. anterior = crude touch, itch/tickles, pressure from bowels, bladder, sexual sensation

3 neurons

79
Q

What are the spinocerebellar tracts?

functions, how many neurons

A
  • ascends contralaterally or ipsilaterally
  • 2 neurons only
  • some cross in spinal cord
  • ends at the cerebellum

functions:
* unconscious proprioception
* posture, balance
* coordination of complex movements

2 neurons

80
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • sensory relay center
  • has cell bodies of 3rd order sensory neurons
  • forms lateral walls of the third ventricle
81
Q

What system regulates level of alertness & consciousness?

A

RAS = reticular activating system
* diffuse network of brainstem neurons
* constantly sends impulses to the cerebral cortex (keeps it awake)
* filters background noise but not pain
* pain passing through the system arouses the brain

82
Q

Explain the cerebal topography

grooves, fissures, folds

A

Sulcus = shallow groove –> central sulcus
Gyrus = outward fold of brain tissue –> precentral gyrus & postcentral
Fissure = deep groove –> lateral fissure & transverse fissure

83
Q

Are cerebral hemispheres equal?

explain

A

No
* because of cerebral dominance

84
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere?

A

left hemisphere
* 90% of the population
* dominates: language, mathematical abilities, logical reasoning

85
Q

What is the non dominant hemisphere?

A

right hemisphere
* 10% of the population
* dominates: art, music, spatial & pattern perception, recognition of emotion in language
* usually left handed & male

86
Q

Is it possible for neither of the hemispheres to dominate?

A

yes
* co-dominance = neither hemisphere dominates
* ambidextrous

87
Q

Are the hemispheres dependent to each other?

explain

A

Yes
* connected via corpus callosum (continuous communication)
* right –> fantasizing & spontaneous behaviour
* left –> logical & inhibits rash emotional displays

88
Q

List the lobes of the brain

state function

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
89
Q

What are the motor areas of the frontal lobe?

explain each (4)

A

1.Primary motor area = pre-central gyrus
* voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
* somatotopically organized = each area corresponds to an area of the body
* amount of cortex for each body part is proportional to the precision of motor control = motor homunculus

2.Premotor area = anterior to primary motor area
* plans or prepares for exact movement

3.Broca’s area = frontal lobe; near lateral fissure; left hemisphere
* motor speech area = how your mouth moves to form words

4.Prefrontal area = anterior region of frontal lobes
* abstract ideas, conscience, judgement, motivation, intelligence, personality
* modified by experiences

90
Q

What parts of the body will have higher amount of cortex devoted to it?

A

mouth, nose, eyes, hands, fingers

91
Q

What are the sensory areas of the parietal lobe?

explain each (3)

A

1.Primary sensory cortex= post-central gyrus
* sensory input from receptors in skin & proprioceptors in muscles
* size of area is proportional to sensitivity (somatotopically organized) = sensory homunculus

2.Somatosensory association area= posterior to primary sensory area
* interprets sensory input

3.Gustatory area = tongue area of somatosensory cortex
* sensory input from taste buds

92
Q

What are the functional areas of the temporal lobe?

explain each (5)

A

1.Primary auditory area = receives impulses from the cochlea in the ear
2.Auditory association area = determines if sounds is noise, speech or music
3.Olfactory area = smell (olfactory receptors); close to limbic system
4.Wernicke’s area = left hemisphere; comprehension & understanding
5.Affective language area = right hemisphere corresponding to broca & wernicke’s areas; emotion in language

93
Q

What is aphasia?

A

loss of ability to produce or comprehend language

94
Q

What are the manifestations of a stroke in Broca’s area?

A
  • slurred speech
  • non-fluent aphasia = can’t express themselves
  • can still understand
95
Q

What are the manifestations of a stroke in Wernicke’s area?

A
  • fluent aphasia; receptive aphasia
  • speak a lot but it’s nonsense
  • makes up words
  • trouble understanding speech
96
Q

What are the functional areas of the occipital lobe?

explain each (2)

A
  1. Primary visual area = receives impulses from retina (thalamus); vision
  2. Visual association area = interprets visual input; beside primary visual area

PHYS 150: physiology (7 decks)

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