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PHYS 150: physiology > respiratory physiology > Flashcards

respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does respiration do?

state 3 points

A
  • delivers oxygen to cells for cellular respiration
  • produce ATP
  • remove CO2
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2
Q

What are the components of respiration?

2

A
  1. system of pipes (conduits) = respiratory tract
  2. large diffusion surface area (for gas exchange) = lungs
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3
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract? what are the anatomical structures associated with it?

A

anything above the vocal chords

composed of:
1. external nostril
2. nasal cavity –> nasal conchae, olfactory epithelium
3. internal nares
4. eustachian tube
5. pharynx: naso-, oro-, laryngo-
6. tonsils: pharyngeal, laryngeal, palatine
7. sinus: frontal, sphenoid

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4
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract? what are the anatomical structures associated with it?

A

anything below the vocal chords

composed of:
1. epiglottis
2. cartilage: thyroid, cricoid
3. hyoid bone
4. trachea
5. carina
5. primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
6. alveoli

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5
Q

Where is the apex & base of the lungs?

A

apex = top
base = bottom

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6
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

right lung

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7
Q

which lung has 2 lobes?

A

left lung

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8
Q

What are the two zones of the bronchial tree?

A
  1. Conducting zone = no gas exchange
  2. Respiratory zone = gas exchange
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9
Q

Conducting zone of the bronchial tree

location, composition

A

location: trachea to terminal bronchioles

composition: upper regions = cartilage & smooth muscle (lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

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10
Q

What lines the smooth muscles in the conducting zone of the bronchial tree (upper regions)?

type of epithelium

A

psudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What cells line the lower regions (walls of smaller tubes) of the bronchial tree?

A

cuboidal epithelium cells

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12
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the walls of the smaller tubes ?

conducting zone

A

No
they are just pipes to bring air to the lower parts of the lungs

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13
Q

What is anatomical dead space volume? Does gas exchange occur here?

A

volume of gases in upper respiratory tract and the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract

  • gas exchange does not occur here
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14
Q

How much (mL) is in the anatomical dead space volume?

A

150 mL

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15
Q

Respiratory zone

location, composition

A

location: respiratory bronchioles to alveolu

composition: simple squamous epithelium –> very thing

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16
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the respiratory zone?

A

yes

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17
Q

What composes the respiratory membrane/alveolar wall?

A
  • type I alveolar cells = simple squamous epithelium
  • endothelium of pulmonary capillaries
  • surfactant = prevents collapse of alveoli
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18
Q

What are the processes of respiration?

5 processes

A
  1. ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. gas transport
  4. internal respiration
  5. cellular respiration
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19
Q

Ventilation

explain what it is

A

breathing / respiration
* movement of gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli
* lungs move in response to changes in pressure (pressure gradient) in the intrapleural and intrapulmonary spaces

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20
Q

Do lungs move by themselves?

A

No
* they move in response to changes in pressure
* it is the muscles attached tot he lungs that move in response to pressure

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21
Q

What is the intrapulmonary space? what is the normal amount?

A

space within the lungs
10-20 mL

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22
Q

What is the intrapleural space? what is the normal range?

condition

A

space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
* requires negative pressure
* 10-20 mL

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23
Q

What happens when there is too much fluid in the intrapleural space?

A

pleural effusion

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24
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure? What are the normal values?

A

pressure within the lungs

at rest = 760 mmHg (atmospheric pressure)
* can change (positive or negative)

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25
Q

What is intrapleural pressure? What is the normal values?

A

pressure within the intrapleural space
normal = -2 to -5 mmHg
* always negative

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26
Q

What opposes lung expansion?

2 factors

A
  1. elastic recoil
  2. surface tension within alveoli
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27
Q

Is surface tension usually high or low within alveoli?

A

Normal = low
* due to surfactant

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28
Q

What cells secrete surfactant? Where are they located?

A

type II epithelial/alveolar cells
location = alveolar walls

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29
Q

Boyle’s Law

what is it?

A

Law that states if temperature is held constant, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume

circumstances:
* increase in volume = decrease in pressure (more space)
* decrease in volume = increase in pressure (mor compact)

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30
Q

Under Boyle’s law, under what circumstances would inhalation fall under?

talk in terms of volume and pressure

A

increased volume & decreased pressure
* inhalation follows the pressure gradient

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31
Q

Under Boyle’s law, under what circumstances would exhalation fall under?

A

decreased volume & increased pressure
* air is leaving the body

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32
Q

What are the values of pressure at rest?

A

atmospheric pressure = 0
intrapulmonary pressure = 0
intrapleural pressure =-2

pressure gradient = 0

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33
Q

What occurs during inspiration? What are the values of pressure?

during & at the end of inspiration

ventilation

A
  1. thorax expands (intercostal muscles contract –> ribcage expands –> diaphragm gets smaller)
  2. intrapleural volume increases; intrapleural pressure decreases (-5)
  3. lung tissue is pulled outward –> lungs are compliant (stretchy)
  4. air goes into alveoli
  5. alveoli expand
  6. intrapulmonary pressure returns to atmospheric

during inspiration:
intrapleural pressure = -5

34
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

what is it; how does it work; why is it needed

ventilation

A

activation of stretch receptors (in lungs, visceral pleura, and bronchioles) by lung expansion via inspiration

how? impulses are sent to the respiratory centre –> ends inspiration and starts expiration

purpose? prevent over-inflation of the lungs

35
Q

What occurs during expiration? What are the values of pressure?

beginning, during & at the end of expiration

ventilation

A

1.all pressure values = 0
2.thoracic wall & lungs recoil
3.alveoli recoil
4.intrapulmonary volume decreases; intrapulmonary pressure increases (+)
5.diaphragm relaxes
6.air exits the lungs
7.intrapulmonary pressure returns to 0 (atmospheric)

during expiration:
intrapulmonary pressure = +

36
Q

What affects airway resistance?

how?

A

bronchiole diameter

increased diameter –> decreases airway resistance

decreased diameter –> increases airway resistance

37
Q

What is the equation for gas flow?

A

gas flow = pressure gradient/resistance

  • increased resistance = decreased flow due to low pressure
  • decreased resistance = increased flow due to high pressure

inversely proportionate

38
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Q = πr⁴ΔP / 8ηL

  • describes the flow of fluid in a tube
  • states that the rate of flow of a fluid is directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the tube, and the pressure difference across the tube, and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and the length of the tube

NOTE: if radius is reduced by 1/2, the flow is reduced to 1/16 (example)

39
Q

How is lung expansion maintained?

A

negative pressure in the intrapleural space

40
Q

What can affect maintenance of lung expansion?

A
  1. trauma
  2. pleural effusion
  3. hemothorax
  4. pneumothorax (air pockets in lungs that burst spntaneously)
41
Q

Atelectasis

what is it? what happens?

A

collapsed lung
* occurs when there is atmospheric air in the intrapleural space

42
Q

Spirometry

what is it? what does it measure? what does it include?

A

a pulmonary function test that measures the amount and speed of air a person can inhale and exhale

43
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

what is it? value?

A

volume of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath at rest or normal breathing

500 mL

44
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

what is it? value?

A

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired above tidal volume
* represents the air that can that can be inhaled to increase the amount of oxygen available in the lungs

2100-3200 mL

45
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

what is it? value?

A

volume of air that can be forcibly expired/exhaled above tidal volume
* the additional volume of air that a person can exhale beyond the amount exhaled during a normal breath.

1000-1200 mL

46
Q

Residual volume (RV)

what is it? value?

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal forced exhalation

about 1200 mL

47
Q

Vital capacity

what is it? value?

A

volume of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration

about 4800 mL

48
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

what is it? value?

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

6000 mL

49
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

what is it? value?

A

volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in 1 second (after maximum inhalation)

70-80% of forced vital capacity (FVC)

50
Q

External respiration

what is it? where does it occur?

A

diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the blood

location: alveoli

51
Q

What factors determine diffusion?

5 factors

A
  1. ventilation-perfusion ratio
  2. surface area for diffusion
  3. partial pressure of gases
  4. solubility of gases
  5. thickness of the diffusion membrane
52
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion (VQ) scan

normal values?

diffusion factors

A

measure of efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs

Ventilation = air flow
Perfusion = blood flow

ideal/normal = 1:1

53
Q

Surface area for diffusion

normal value? what is it?

diffusion factor

A

normal = 70 m^2

  • may be reduced by diseases (emphysema, pulmonectomy)
  • larger surface area = more diffusion
54
Q

Partial pressures

what is it? what is the significance

diffusion factor

A

portion of the total pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture of gases

  • directs the movement of gas exchange
55
Q

Henry’s Law

partial pressure

diffusion factor

A

A gas in contact with a liquid will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility

56
Q

Dalton’s Law

partial pressure

diffusion factor

A

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases = sum of the individual pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixtue

57
Q

Composition & partial pressure of atmospheric air

diffusion factors

A

composition:
1. N2 = 79%
2. O2 = 21%
3. CO2 = 0.04%
4. H2O = 0%

partial pressures: (X760)
1. PN2 = 600 mmHg
2. PO2 = 159 mmHg
3. PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg
4. PH2O = 0 mmHg

NOTE: total should equal 760 mmHg

58
Q

Composition & partial pressure of alveolar air

diffusion factors

A

composition:
1. N2 = 74.9%
2. O2 = 13.6%
3. CO2 = 5.3%
4. H2O = 6.2%

partial pressures: (X760)
1. PN2 = 569 mmHg
2. PO2 = 104 mmHg
3. PCO2 = 40 mmHg
4. PH2O = 47 mmHg

NOTE: total should equal 760 mmHg

59
Q

Partial pressures of deoxygenated blood gases

values? where?

diffusion factor

A

PVO2 = 40 mmHg
PVCO2 = 45 mmHg

location: mostly in veins except for pulmonary system

60
Q

Partial pressures of oxygenated blood gases

diffusion factor

A

PVO2 = 104 mmHg
PVCO2 = 40 mmHg

location: mostly in arteries except for pulmonary system

61
Q

Gas Transport

what is it?

A

transport of gases through the circulatory system

62
Q

How is oxygen transported?

percentage?

A

98.5% bound to hemoglobin (heme) = oxyhemoglobin

1.5% = dissolved in plasma

63
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

gas transport

A

70% = bicarbonate ion

20% = bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)

7-8%= dissolved in plasma

64
Q

Internal Respiration

what is it?

A

exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the cells and the bloodstream within an organism

in tissues: gases move between blood and the interstitial fluid via capillary walls
* follows pressure gradient –> similar to movement between air and blood

65
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat

location: mitochondria
purpose: provides cell with energy

66
Q

How is respiration controlled?

explain

control of respiration

A

Neural regulation
* chemoreceptors = sense blood chemistry –> H+ ion concentration and PCO2

67
Q

Central chemoreceptors

location? what do they respond to?

A

location: brainstem
function: responds to CSF changes in PCO2 and pH

68
Q

Effects of low pH

what happens with central chemoreceptors?

A

low pH:
* activates central chemoreceptors
* stimulates respiratory control center
* hyperpnea = increase rate and depth of breathing

69
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

location? fucntion?

A

location: carotid sinuses and aortic bodies
function: responds to increase PCO2; low pH & extreme decrease in PO2 (< 70 mmHg)

70
Q

what happens when there is an increase PCO2; low pH & extreme decrease in PO2 (< 70 mmHg) ?

what happens with the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

increase PCO2; low pH & extreme decrease in PO2 (< 70 mmHg):
* stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors
* sends impulses to the repsiratory centers
* increases ventilation

71
Q

What is the most powerful stimuli of the respiratory system?

A

increase in H+ ions & increased PCO2

72
Q

What 2 centres contribute to the motor control of ventilation?

A
  1. Medullary rhythmicity area =inspiratory and expiratory centres
  2. Pons centre = apneustic and pneumotoxic centres
73
Q

Medullary centres

what is it? function?

motor control of ventilation

A

Rhythmicity centre
* neurons depolarize spontaneously & rhythmically
* achieves eupnea = normal breathing
* sends motor impulses to muscles of inspiration

  1. inspiratory centre = via phrenic nerves –> to the diaphragm
  2. expiratory centre = via intercosal nerves –> to intercostal muscles
74
Q

What are the two centres of the medullary centres?

A
  1. inspiratory center
  2. expiratory center
75
Q

Pons centers

what is it? function? types?

motor control of ventilation

A

pneumotaxic centre = shortens period of inspiration –> prevent overinflation

apneustic centre = prolongs period of inspiration –> inhibited by feedback from lungs

76
Q

What are the higher centers?

motor control of ventilation

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. hypothalamus
77
Q

Cerebral cortex

motor control of ventilation

A
  • limited voluntary control
  • emotions trigger influence via limbic system and hyptohalamus
78
Q

Effect of:

Acid-Base Imbalance

A

changes in rate and depth of respiration
* even if PCO2 and PO2 remain unchanged, a change in pH will always trigger chnages in respiration

79
Q

Effect of:

Low pH

acid-base balance

A

low pH leads to:
* increased CO2 in blood (acidic) = metabolic acidosis
* hyperapnea = increase in respiratory rate, effort & depth –> eliminates CO2

80
Q

Effect of:

High pH

acid-base balance

A

high pH leads to:
* decreased CO2 in blood = alkalosis
* hypoapnea = decrease in respiratory rate, effort & depth –> retains CO2

PHYS 150: physiology (7 decks)

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