NERVOUS, SKELETAL, AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
SKELETAL MUSCLE
A
the type of muscle tissue that connects bones and generates the force that creates movement
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Q
FASCIA
A
connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
3
Q
EPIMYSIUM
A
inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as “deep fascia”
4
Q
FASCICLES
A
larges bundles of fibers within a muscle, surrounded by perimysium
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Q
PERIMYSIUM
A
connective tissue surrounding fascicle
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Q
ENDOMYSIUM
A
connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle
7
Q
TENDONS
A
tendons connect muscles to bones.
8
Q
STRAIN
A
when a tendon is overstretched or torn
9
Q
LIGAMENTS
A
ligaments connect bones to bones
10
Q
SPRAIN
A
when a ligament is overstretched or torn
11
Q
GLYCOGEN
A
glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as liver and muscle cells. the storage form of carbohydrate
12
Q
MYOGLOBIN
A
protein based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles
13
Q
MYOFIBRILS
A
the contractile components of a muscle cell, myofilaments are contained within a myofibril
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Q
MYOFILAMENTS
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the filaments of a myofibril, including actin and myosin
15
Q
ACTIN
A
the thin stringlike myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction
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Q
MYOSIN
A
the thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction
17
Q
SARCOMERE
A
the structural unit of a microfibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z lines
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Z-LINES
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the meeting point of each sarcomere
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Q
NEURAL ACTIVATION
A
the nervous systems signal that tells a muscle to contract
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Q
NERUOMUSCULAR JUNCTION
A
the specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with with muscle fibers
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Q
SYNAPSE
A
a junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells
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Q
MOTOR UNIT
A
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that It innervates
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Q
ACTION POTENTIAL
A
nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction
24
Q
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
A
chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission
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ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)
a neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
the series of steps in a muscle contraction where myosin and actin filaments slide past each other to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
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POWER STROKE
the myosin heads bind to actin and pull them towards the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle
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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
a high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body
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RESTING LENGTH
the length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched
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TYPE 1 MUSCLE FIBERS
muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
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TYPE 2 MUSCLE FIBERS
muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are quicker to fatique
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ALL-OR-NOTHING PRINCIPAL
motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate, they either contract maximally or not at all
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CAPILLARIES
the smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
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HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM (HMS)
the collective components and structures that work together to move the body: the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
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KINETIC CHAIN
a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body
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NEURON
specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
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NUCLEUS
cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosones
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ORGANELLES
tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within the cell. (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.)
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MITOCHONDRIA
the parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell
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EFFECTOR SITES
a part of the body such as a muscle or organ that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response
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ELECTROLYTES
minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium potassium and magnesium
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM (CNS)
a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS
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AFFERENT PATHWAY
sensory pathway that relays information to the CNS
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EFFERENT PATHWAY
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
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INTERNEURONS
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.
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MECHANORECEPTORS
specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
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SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).
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SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.
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PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.
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SENSORY FUNCTION
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
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PROPRIOCEPTION
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.
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INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.
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MOTOR FUNCTION
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.
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MUSCLE SPINDLES
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
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STRETCH REFLEX
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
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GOLGI TENDON ORGAN (GTO)
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
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JOINT RECEPTORS
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
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NEUROPLASTICITY
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.
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NEUROCIRCUITRY
the interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
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MOTOR SKILLS
specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
a description of the bones in the body
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OSTEOPOROSIS
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.
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JOINTS
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.
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AXIAL SKELETON
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.
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LEVERS
rigid rods where muscles attach
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REMODELING
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.
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OSTEOCLASTS
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
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OSTEOBLASTS
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.
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WOLFF'S LAW
Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.
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LONG BONES
long and cylindrical with irregular or widened ends (HUMERUS, FEMUR)
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SHORT BONES
similar in length and width, almost cubical in shape (CARPALS, TARSALS)
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FLAT BONES
thin protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach (SCAPULAE, STERNUM, RIBS)
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IRREGULAR BONES
unique shape and function from other bones (VERTEBRAE)
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SESAMOID BONES
small rounded bones embedded in joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint (PATELLA)
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BONE DEPRESSIONS
flattened or indented portions of bone
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BONE PROCESSES
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.
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SPINAL CORD
bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae
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INTEVERTEBRAL DISCS
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
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NEUTRAL SPINE
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.
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OSTEOKINEMATICS
movement of a limb that is visible
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ARTHROKINEMATICS
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
a joint with a fluid filled joint capsule
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NONAXIAL
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
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NONSYNOVIAL JOINTS
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.
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LIGAMENT
a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
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COLLAGEN
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
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ELASTIN
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
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GROWTH PLATE
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
