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A/P Lab > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Components: brain and spinal cord
Functions: receives, processes, and transfers
information

A

Central nervous system (CNS):

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2
Q

Components: nerves outside CNS
Sensory neurons: carry information toward
the CNS
Motor neurons: carry information away from
CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

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3
Q

information about changes in the environment carried TO

the CNS. Monitors changes (stimuli) inside and outside body

A

Sensory input

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4
Q

sorts, process and interpret sensory input and make appropriate
response

A

Integration

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5
Q

Motor output

A

signals carried AWAY from the CNS; activates effectors

(muscles or glands) to cause a response (motor output) to sensory input

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6
Q

(SNS) motor neurons – voluntary control over

skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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7
Q

(ANS) motor neurons – regulates smooth

and cardiac muscles and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Resting and Digesting”

normal activity

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

form brain blood barrier (BBB =
restrict movement of material between blood
and CSF)

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A 
myelin sheath (white 
matter = lipids; surrounds many axons)
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11
Q

microglia

A

phagocytosis of microbes and

cellular debris

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12
Q

produce and circulate CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal

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13
Q

Function: support, nourish and protect

6 types!

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal, Schwann Cells, Satellite Cells

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14
Q

Parts / Structures of a Neuron

A

Dendrites = process on cell body that conducts an impulse
toward the cell body

Cell body aka Soma = the nucleus and nucleolus
surrounded by cytoplasm and typical organelles

Axon = nerve fiber arising from the cell body, capable of
conducting an action potential / impulse.

Initial segment / axon hillock = cone shaped elevated area;
site of action potential generation

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15
Q

area of axon where an action potential

occurs (are where there is no myelin sheath)

A

Node of Ranvier

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16
Q

dilated terminal end of a neuron ; stores

synaptic vesicles.

A

Axon terminal

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17
Q

store neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicles

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18
Q

chemical signal released from a

neuron that will bind to a receptor of another cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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18
Q

chemical signal released from a

neuron that will bind to a receptor of another cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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19
Q

Cluster of

cell bodies

A 
PNS= ganglion,
CNS= nuclei
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20
Q

Cluster of

cell bodies

A 
PNS= ganglion,
CNS= nuclei
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21
Q

Bundle of

axons

A 
PNS= nerve
CNS=  tract
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22
Q

Structural Diversity

A

Multipolar = motor neuron (Lisa Simpson Model:
single axon, multiple dendrites)

Bipolar = sensory neuron from eyes, ear, nose (see
saw: one main axon, one main dendrite: sensory neuron from
special senses)

Unipolar = somatic sensory neurons: touch and stretch
(hanger shape : one end dendrite, one end axon terminal)

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23
Q 
motor neuron (Lisa Simpson Model: 
single axon, multiple dendrites)
A

Multipolar

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24
Q

sensory neuron from eyes, ear, nose (see

saw: one main axon, one main dendrite: sensory neuron from special senses)

A

Bipolar

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25
Q

somatic sensory neurons: touch and stretch

hanger shape : one end dendrite, one end axon terminal

A

Unipolar

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26
Q

somatic sensory neurons: touch and stretch

hanger shape : one end dendrite, one end axon terminal

A

Unipolar

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27
Q

What involves ions channels and membrane potentials (resting, graded and action potentials)?

A

Electrical Signals in Neurons

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27
Q

What involves ions channels and membrane potentials (resting, graded and action potentials)?

A

Electrical Signals in Neurons

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28
Q

What are the 4 ion channels in the Electrical Signals in Neurons?

A
  1. leakage = randomly open and close ( leak ions
    across)
  2. voltage = open upon a change in membrane
    potential; Example = Na+ and K+ movement
  3. ligand = open due to attachment of a hormone or
    neurotransmitter
  4. mechanical = open due to vibration, pressure or
    stretching
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29
Q

randomly open and close ( leak ions

across)

A

Leakage

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30
Q

randomly open and close ( leak ions

across)

A

Leakage

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31
Q

open upon a change in membrane

potential; Example = Na+ and K+ movement

A

voltage

31
Q

open upon a change in membrane

potential; Example = Na+ and K+ movement

A

voltage

32
Q

open due to attachment of a hormone or

neurotransmitter

A

ligand

33
Q

open due to vibration, pressure or

stretching

A

. mechanical

34
Q

open due to vibration, pressure or

stretching

A

. mechanical

35
Q

What are the major intracellular positive

ions (cations)?

A

Potassium (K+) ions

36
Q

What are the major extracellular positive

ions (cations).

A

Sodium (Na+) ions

37
Q

There are 3 types of potentials:

A
  1. Resting Membrane Potential
  2. Action Potential
  3. Graded Potential
37
Q

There are 3 types of potentials:

A
  1. Resting Membrane Potential
  2. Action Potential
  3. Graded Potential
38
Q

Define: Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

70 mV difference from inside to outside of cell
• Inside of cell is negative relative to the outside of the cell
• RMP = -70 mV
• Na+/K+ pump restores

38
Q

Define: Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

70 mV difference from inside to outside of cell
• Inside of cell is negative relative to the outside of the cell
• RMP = -70 mV
• Na+/K+ pump restores

39
Q

Resting Potential can be around___? and what is the average.

A

-40 - -90 mV Average= -70

39
Q

Resting Potential can be around___? and what is the average.

A

-40 - -90 mV Average= -70

40
Q

The_____? difference between inside and outside a living
cell is the resting membrane potential and is said to
_____? the cell membrane.

A

voltage, “polarize”

40
Q

The_____? difference between inside and outside a living
cell is the resting membrane potential and is said to
_____? the cell membrane.

A

voltage, “polarize”

41
Q

______: due to the existing ion concentration

gradients across plasma membrane

A

“Potential energy”,

42
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

high Na+ concentration

43
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

high K+ concentration

44
Q
  1. occurs at the dendrites
  2. vary in size and strength
  3. travel short distances to axon hillock
A

Graded Membrane Potentia

45
Q
  1. occurs at the axon hillock
  2. one size and strength
  3. travel long distance to axon terminals
  4. all or none principle: threshold is met
A

Action Potential

46
Q

depolarization (positive deflection

toward zero) AWAY

A

EPSP

47
Q

hyperpolarization (negative

deflection, more negative)

A

IPSP

48
Q

• Decrease in membrane potential
• Make inside of cell less negative or closer to zero than
RMP (-70mV)
• Normal means for impulse transmission – stimulation

A

Depolarization

49
Q
  • Increasing membrane potential
  • Potential more negative than –70mV
  • Impulse will not be transmitted - inhibited
A

Hyperpolarization

50
Q

THE 2 TYPE PRESYNAPTIC NEURON IMPULSE

GENERATION

A

Depolarization, Hyperlariztion

51
Q

Graded potentials increase permeability by opening Na+

chemical gates - Na+ enters cell

A

Depolarization

52
Q

When depolarization reaches critical level (called threshold),
Na+ voltage gates open and Na+ rushes in generating action potential (AP) at the axon hillock

A

Depolarization

53
Q

AP becomes self-generated (positive feedback)- as Na+ enters
neuron through voltage gates, causes other Na+ voltage gates to open

A

Depolarization

54
Q

K+ voltage gates open and K+ leaves cell

• Potential moves back toward a negative value

A

Repolarization

55
Q

Occurs because K+ gates closes slower than Na++ gates

A

Hyperpolarization

56
Q

Na+-K+ pump restores original ionic distribution (Na+ out, K+ in) across membrane of the resting state

A

Restoration of RMP

57
Q

THE 4 TYPES GENERATION OF ACTION

POTENTIAL

A

Repolarization, Hyperpolarization, Restoration of RMP

58
Q

Define: Propagation of Impulses

A

Conduction of the nerve impulse or action potential (continuous & saltatory)

59
Q

unmyelinated axons

very slow

A

continuous

60
Q

myelinated axons node of R. to node of R.

very fast

A

saltatory

61
Q

• ______ – larger transmits faster
•_____ of myelin sheath – increases nerve conduction
velocity or transmission; impulse jumps from node to node
(Saltatory conduction). No myelin – slower because entire
axon (dendrite or cell body) must be depolarized
(Continuous conduction)

A

Axon diameter, Degree

CONDUCTION VELOCITY

62
Q

Chemical Synapses are;

A

Axon, Receptors, Synaptic

62
Q

Chemical Synapses are;

A

Axon, Receptors, Synaptic

63
Q

_____ terminals on presynaptic neuron contains synaptic

vesicles which contain neurotransmitters

A

Axon

64
Q

_____ terminals on presynaptic neuron contains synaptic

vesicles which contain neurotransmitters

A

Axon

65
Q

______for neurotransmitters present on postsynaptic

neuron

A

Receptors

65
Q

______for neurotransmitters present on postsynaptic

neuron

A

Receptors

66
Q

________–fluid-filled space between neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

67
Q

CONDUCTION ACROSS CHEMICAL

SYNAPSES #1?

A
  1. Action potential causes Ca2+ voltage gates to open in axon terminal
    of presynaptic neuron
68
Q

CONDUCTION ACROSS CHEMICAL

SYNAPSES #2?

A
  1. Ca2+ entry into pre-synaptic neuron triggers exocytosis - synaptic
    vesicles fuse with membrane of axon terminal to release neurotransmitters
69
Q

CONDUCTION ACROSS CHEMICAL

SYNAPSES #3?

A
  1. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
70
Q

CONDUCTION ACROSS CHEMICAL

SYNAPSES

A
  1. Chemical gated ion channels open in postsynaptic membrane –
    type of ion channel opened determines if post-synaptic cell is an
    IPSP or EPSP
71
Q

FATE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERFATE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER

A
  1. Diffusion of NT away from synapse
    • Ex. Dopamine
  2. Enzyme degradation of neurotransmitter
    • Ex. Acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase)
  3. Reuptake of NT into presynaptic terminal or Astrocytes
    • Ex. Norepinephrine, Serotonin

A/P Lab (8 decks)

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