Nervous system

Question 1

Which hormones are considered organisational?

Answer 1

1. H-Y antigen
2. androgens (testosterone)
3. estrogen

Question 2

Which hormones are considered organisational?

Answer 2

1. H-Y antigen
2. androgens (testosterone)
3. estrogen

Question 3

What are the activational hormones?

Answer 3

1. Lutenizing hormone
2. follic stimulating hormone
3. oxytocin

Question 4

Name the key hormones released by the pituitary gland.

Answer 4

1. H-Y antigen
2. andogrens
3. estrogen
4. lutenizing hormone
5. follicle stimulating hormone
6. oxytocin
7. vasopressin
8. thyroid stimulating hormone
9. adrenocorticoptropic hormone

Question 5

Describe the stages of Non-REM sleep

Answer 5

Stage W (The Wake Stage): When the brain is producing more than 50% of alpha waves

Stage N1: occurs as the person is transitioning to sleep and consists of theta waves and lasts 1-7 minutes

Stage N2: characterised by theta waves and Y alternations b/w sleep spindles and K complexes. Physiological functiosn begin to slow and drip.

Stage N3: characterised by slow delta waves. Deep, restorative sleep where GH is released. This is where parasomnias occur.

Question 6

Which kind of waves occur in the sleep stages?

Answer 6

W: alpha waves

N1: theta waves

N2: theta waves

N3: delta waves

Question 7

Describe REM sleep, also known as _____.

Answer 7

Known as Stage R, REM sleep ocurs about 90-110 minutes after sleep onset and comprises 20-25% of sleep over one night. It’s known for paradoxical sleep which is the point of paralysis.

Question 8

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 8

A type of visual agnosia whre an individual cannot recognise faces, even of close family and friends.

Question 9

What is agnosia?

Answer 9

The inability to process sensory information even though the sensory apparatus is in place.

*Usually only one sense is affected

Question 10

What is Acquired Apraxia

Answer 10

The inability to plan and coordinate specific motor movements

Question 11

What is Alexia?

Answer 11

The loss of the capacity to read do to an inability to comprehend words, read aloud or both.

Question 12

What is phonological agraphia?

Answer 12

An individual cannot write due to an inability to sound out words.

Question 13

What is Agraphia?

Answer 13

The loss of the capacity to write due to problems with:

Lanugage processing
Inability to spell
Disruption of motor functions or visualisations

Question 14

What is Aphasia?

Answer 14

The loss of the ability ot speak or understand language, spoken or written

Specific examples incldude:

Broca’s aphasia - understands speech but struggles to speak
Wernicke’s aphasia - can speak but no longer understands how to choose words

Question 15

What makes up the Forebrain?

Answer 15

1. Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus
2. Telencephalon: Limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus

Question 16

Name the parts of the brain in evolutionary order…

Answer 16

1. Hindbrain: myelencephalon, metaencephalon, reticular formation
2. Mesencephalon: tectum, tegentum
3. Forebrain: corticospinal tract
4. Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
5. Pituitary gland
6. Telencephalon: limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus
7. Cerebral cortex: frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal lobes and gyri

Question 17

What two parts make up the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 17

1. Sympathetic: controls arousal mechanisms, like blood circulation, pupil dilation and threat and fear response

2: Parasympathetic: responsible for recuperation after arousal like lowering heart rate, blood pressure and breathing

Question 18

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 18

PNS is the pathway that runs to (afferent fibers) and from (efferent fibers) the CNS.

Question 19

What are the two parts of the PNS?

Answer 19

1. Somatic NS: interacts with external environment by controlling voluntary movements
2. Autonomic NS: interacts with the internal environment and is responsible for ‘fight or flight’ and controls involunatary functions like digestion, breathing and blood circulation

Question 20

What is the Tegmentum?

Answer 20

Houses part of the reticular formation

Question 21

What is white matter?

Answer 21

Bundles of axon nerve fibers

Question 22

What are terminal buttons and why are they important?

Answer 22

1. They are jumping-off points for impulses.
2. They hold neurotransmitters

Question 23

What are the two types of Glial Cells and what do they do?

Answer 23

They support neurons as:

1. Oligodendrocytes: provide myelin to the CNS
2. Schwann cells: provide myelin to the PNS

Question 24

What are the 2 types of postsynaptic potentials?

Answer 24

1. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): depolarisation and the likelihood a cell will fire
2. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP): hyperpolarised, decreasing the chance it will fire

Question 25

Describe the: 1. resting potential 2. action potential 3. all or none law 4. absolute refractory period 5. relative refractory period

Answer 25

1. the inactive state of a neuron - negative charge and will not let in a positive charge 2. when a cell becomes stimulated with enough positive ions and 'fires'. Also called an impulse 3. once a minimum threshold is met, the impulse will be sent 4. the time after a neuron fires in which it cannot respond to stimulation 5. the tiem after the absolutle refractory period whenteh neuron can fire again, but it needs a stronger stimulus

Question 26

Once a neurotransmitter has done it's job one of two things happen. What are these?

Answer 26

1. Reuptake by the presynaptic neuron 2. deactivation by enzymes in the synapse

Question 27

What do neuromudulators do?

Answer 27

they cause long-term changes in the postsynaptic cell.

Question 28

Explain the difference between agonists and antagonists in neurotransmitters.

Answer 28

Agonists: Rx that increase the effect of the neurotransmiter (SSRIs) Antagonist: Rx decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter (Botox)

Question 29

_____ lives inside the hypothalamus and is considered the biological 'master clock', composed of thousands of neurons that secrete melatonin.

Answer 29

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 30

Provide examples and descriptions of the following drug-induced states 1. Hallucinogens 2. Stimulants 3. Sedatives 4. Narcotics

Answer 30

1. causes distortion in perception and thinking, resembling psychosis. Examples: LSD and mescaline 2. stimulate the CNS and cause euphoria, increased energy and sense of pleasure. Examples: caffeine, meth, cocaine 3. slows down the CNS an causes euphoria, relaxation and loss of inhibition. Examples: alcohol, barbituates, Xanax 4. reduces or eliminates pain and causes euphoria, relaxation and drowsiness. Examples: heroin, oxy