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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the cells in the nervous system

A

nerve cell [ neurones ]
supporting cells [ glial cells , neuroglial cells , neuroglia ]

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2
Q

what are neurons made of

A

cell body [ soma ]
process

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3
Q

what is the soma made of

A

cytoplasm containing organelles and inclusions
central nucleus containing nucleolus

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4
Q

what are the process of neurone

A

single axon
dedrites

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5
Q

what is axon and the function

A

single
the largest process of the neurone
it is used to communicate with other nuerons

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6
Q

what is dendrites and their function

A

short and hughly branched
recieve impulse from other neurons and transmit it to cell body

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7
Q

what are neurons classified to according to number of processes

A

unipolar : true unipolar , pseudo unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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8
Q

where are pseudounipolar neurons found

A

dorsal root ganglia

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9
Q

where are bipolar neurons found

A

special sense cells

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10
Q

where are multipolar cells found

A

most neurons

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11
Q

what is synapses

A

point of contact between two nerve cells or a nerve cell and a muscle or gland

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12
Q

what is synapses made of

A

presynaptic element
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic element

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13
Q

what is presynaptic element

A

mostly axon containing many synaptic vesicles and mitochondria

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14
Q

how long is synaptic cleft

A

20 nm

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15
Q

what are the types of synapses and the elements in them

A
  • axodendritic ; axon and dendrite
  • axonaxonic ; axon and axon
  • axosomatic ; axon and cell body
  • neuromascular junction ; axon and muscle fiber
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16
Q

what are central neuroglial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglial
    -ependymal
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17
Q

function of astrocytes

A

support and protection

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18
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

formation of mylien

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19
Q

function of microglial

A

phagocytosis and protection against infection

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20
Q

where are ependymal cells found

A

lining the ventricles of the brain

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21
Q

what are the prepheral neuroglia

A

shwann cells
satallite cells

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22
Q

function of shwann cells

A

formation of mylien sheath

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23
Q

function of satallite cells

A

suround neurons

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24
Q

what are divisions of nervous system

A

central
prepheral

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25
what does the CNS consist of
brain spinal cord
26
what are types of peripheral nervous system
peripheral somatic NS peripheral autonomic NS
27
what does the somatic prephiral NS consist of
31 pair of spinal nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves associated spinal and cranial ganglia
28
what does the autonomic peripheral NS consist of
sympathetic part parasympathetic part associated autonomic ganglia
29
what does the sympathetic sutonomin PNS consist of
thoracolumbar part
30
what does the parasympathetic PNS consist of
craniosacral part
31
what is the brain divided into
cerebrum cerebellum brainstem
32
what does the cerebrum consist of
cerebral hemispheres diencephalon
33
what does the brainstem consist of
midbrain pons medulla oblingata
34
function of cerebral hemispheres
contain the higher sensory and motor centers
35
what is diencephalon made of
contain thalamus and hypothalamus
36
what is the function of cerebellum
co ordination of muscle movemet and maintain equilibrium
37
what does the frontal brain consist of
cerebral hemispheres diencephalon
38
what does the midbrain consist of
midbrain
39
what does the hind consist of
pons medulla oblingata cerebellum
40
what are the types of ventricles
lateral vetricles 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle
41
where are lateral ventrcles
cerebral hemispheres
42
where is 3rd venricle
diencephalon
43
where is 4th vetricle
hind brain
44
does the midbrain contain ventricles
no
45
what is the length of spinal cord
male 45 cm female 42 cm
46
where is the spinal cord
uppper 2/3 of the spinal **canal**
47
where does the spinal cord begin
as a continuation of medulla oblongata
48
where does the spinal cord end
in newborn aat the L3 in adult at lower border of L1
49
how many segments of spinal cord are there
31
50
distribution of spinal nerves
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccegeal
51
how does spinal nerves form
from two roots that unite together at **intervertebral foramen**
52
what are the roots of spinal nerves
dorsal root - sensory root - afferent ventral root - motor root - efferent
53
what does the ventral root contain and where are they going
axon of anterior horn cells ; skeletal muscles axon of lateral horn cells ; smooth muscles
54
what does the dorsal root consist of
it has spinal gangion called dorsal root ganglion attached to it and the root is made of the process of the psedouipolar neurons found in dorsal root ganglion
55
what is difference between roots and rami
roots carry only one type of nerve cells { dorsal carries posterior horn cell procces while vetral carries the axon of anterior horn cells } but rami carry both types of neurons
56
features of aterior ramus
-larger than posterior ramus -runs anteriory -it may join to form pleaxuses -it connects to the sympathetic **chain** by grey or white **rami**
57
features of posterior ramus
-smaller than anterior -runs posteriory -supply muscles and skin on the back -doesn't join to form pleaxuses -doesn't connect to the sympathetic chain
58
where does the cranial nerves branch from and what are the exceptions
brainstem except first { olfactory } and second { optic }
59
what does the thoracolumbar outflow in symphathetic PNS come from
lateral horn cells in t1 till L2
60
what does cranial outflow in parasympathetic PNS come from
through 3,7,9,10 cranial nerves
61
where does sacral outflow in parasympathetic come from
S2 , S3 , S4 nerves
62
what are preganglionic fibres in PANS
they arise from brainstem or spinal cord and relay in autonomic gaglia
63
what are postganglionic fibres
they arise from autonomic ganglia to **supply** the organs

Anatomy (8 decks)

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