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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

AP transmission across synapse

A

AP arrives
axon terminal depolarised causing Na channels to open
causes Ca channels to open and Ca influx
releases acetylcholine into cleft
interacts with Na channels on post SN membrane
Na channels open and move in (depolarised)
causes voltage heated Ca open and in
causes increase Ca from SR
AP stops

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2
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

senses tension
has an inhibitive afferent neurone
large forces generated, feedback from it activates muscle to decrease

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3
Q

muscle spindle

A

encapsulated muscle fibres positioned parallel to normal muscle fibres
sense change in length
afferent wraps around it
efferent causes it to contract to maintain tension in middle

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4
Q

4 types of neurone

A

anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

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5
Q

anaxonic neurone

A

in brain and special senses
very small
no anatomical features distinguish dendrites from axon

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6
Q

bipolar neurone

A

2 processes
1 dendrite
1 axon with cell body between
rare
in special senses

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7
Q

unipolar neurone

A

dendrites and axon continuous
cell body off to one side
most sensory PNS neurones

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8
Q

multipolar neurone

A

2+ dendrites
1 axon
most common CNS
all motor neurones controlling skeletal muscle

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9
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

passage for sensory and motor impulses
integrates info on its own and controls reflexes and automatic motor responses

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10
Q

spinal cord structure

A

grey matter = unmyelinated neurones
31 segments with pair of dorsal root ganglia (contains cell bodies of sensory neurones)

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11
Q

ventral roots in spinal cord

A

contain axons of motor neurones

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12
Q

what do dorsal roots do

A

bring sensory info to spinal cord

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13
Q

what does grey and white matter do

A

grey = contains cell body and neuroglia
white = myelinated and uunmyelinated axons

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14
Q

how are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped

A

according to region of vertebral column

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15
Q

what’s the name for specific regions of the body spinal nerves monitor

A

dermatome

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16
Q

3 layers of the brain

A

reptilian brain (stem) = involuntary
mammalian brain (limbic system) = emotion
higher brain (cerebral cortex) = logic and creativity

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17
Q

6 areas of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

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18
Q

cerebellum functions

A

complex somatic motion eg balance
voluntary and involuntary contractions
white and grey matter

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19
Q

what is in the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
epithalamus

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20
Q

hypothalamus functions

A

controls emotion
autonomic function
hormone production

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21
Q

thalamus functions

A

relays and processes sensory info

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22
Q

what is in the mid brain

A

mesencephalon

23
Q

mesencephalon functions

A

process auditory and visual info
maintain consciousness
generation of reflective somatic motor responses

24
Q

pons functions

A

links all together
relays signals from cerebrum to cerebellum
subconscious
r/s, sleep, bladder control

25
medulla oblongata function
links brain stem and spinal cord relay sensory info to thalamus autonomic function eg hr
26
what provides physical protection of brain
bones cranial meninges cerebrospinal fluid
27
biochemical insulation of brain
blood brain barrier
28
cranial meninges layers
- dura mater (outer tough layer) - arachnoid mater (web like delicate) - pia mater (fragile close to surface)
29
cerebrospinal fluid
surrounds all CNS exposed surfaces same density as brain = shock absorb transport nutrients and waste
30
how many cranial nerves are there
12
31
cranial nerves
olfactory optic occulomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal
32
olfactory
chemoreceptors for smell sensory
33
optic
in retina destination = diencephalon occipital lobe sensory
34
occulomotor
movements in the eye - lens shape originates midbrain motor
35
trochlear
lateral and down movement of eye motor
36
trigeminal
largest many destinations how face feels chewing action sensory and motor
37
abducens
lateral eye movement motor
38
facial
taste receptors on tongue facial expressions salivary and tear glands sensory and motor
39
vestibulocochlear
balance and hearing cochlear branch = hearing vestibular branch = motion sensory
40
glossopharyngeal
taste and motor response for swallowing sensory and motor
41
vagus
many functions digestive muscles sensory and motor
42
accessory
originates in motor nuclei of neck and upper back motor
43
hypoglossal
destination in tongue controlling its movement motor
44
graded potentials
affect limited portion of membrane \too small area to effect activity of cells in response to environmental stimulus
45
is chemical or electrical gradient stronger
chemical
46
process of continuous AP propagation
ap in segment 1 depolarised to +30 local current = na spread away from channel and depolarised second segment generates ap while first refractory period repeat
47
speed of unmyleinted axon vs myelinated
1m/s 18-140ms
48
graded vs action potentials
g = depolarise or hyperpolarise a = only depolarise g = no threshold a = threshold before ap starts g = depends on intensity of stimulus a = all or none (identical) g = passive spread from site a = one site depolarises adjacent g = effect decreases with distance from stimulus a = along entire membrane equally g = no refractory a = refractory g = most plasma membrane a = only excitable membranes
49
excitatory NT
depolarisation of neurone = promotes AP
50
inhibitory NT
hyper polarisation of neurone = suppress AP
51
where are all neurones cholinergic
pns
52
norepinephrine
excitatory adrenergic synapses broken by monoamine oxidase
53
dopamine
excitatory or inhibitory dopaminergic synapses
54
serotonin
sleep wake cycle serotonergic synapses

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 (18 decks)

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