Nervous System Flashcards
This deck covers multiple choice questions as well as clinical conditions/terms.
1
Q
- consists of the brain and spinal cord
- does not regenerate
A
central nervous system
2
Q
- consists of nerves
- regenerates
A
peripheral nervous system
3
Q
What are the functions of the nervous system?
A
1) respond to external stimuli
2) respond to internal stimuli
3) coordination
4) higher functioning
4
Q
What are the functions of a neuron?
A
1) receive a signal
2) transmit a signal
3) effect to another cell
5
Q
The supporting cells for neurons
A
glia cells
6
Q
- a type of glia cell that makes myelin sheath in the CNS
- one cell myelinates multiple axons in multiple places
A
oligodendrocyte
7
Q
- a type of glia cell that makes myelin sheath in the PNS
- one cell myelinates one axon in one place
A
schwann cell
8
Q
- a type of glia cell that forms the blood brain barrier
- attaches to capillaries and neurons, filtering what goes through
A
astrocyte
9
Q
- a type of glia cell that is a macrophage
A
microglia
10
Q
- unmyelinated regions of the CNS
- where information processing takes place
A
gray matter
11
Q
- myelinated regions of the CNS
- where signal transmission takes place
A
white matter
12
Q
collections of axons in the PNS
A
nerves
13
Q
collections of axons in the CNS
A
tracts
14
Q
collections of cell bodies in the CNS
A
nuclei
15
Q
collections of cell bodies in the PNS
A
ganglia
16
Q
a collection of nerves
A
nerve plexus
17
Q
What type of neurons go to the CNS?
A
sensory (afferent) neurons
18
Q
What type of neurons are within the CNS?
A
association (inter) neurons
19
Q
What type of neurons leave the CNS?
A
motor (efferent) neurons
20
Q
What occurs when a signal jumps over myelin sheath, along an axon?
A
saltatory conduction
21
Q
What is localization of function in the brain?
A
when each region of the brain has a specific function
21
Q
What is integration of function in the brain?
A
when each region of the brain works together
22
Q
What is contralateral function in the brain?
A
when the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa
23
Q
List the 3 functions that make the brain work properly.
A
1) localization of function
2) integration of function
3) contralateral function
24
- a sensory region of the brain located in the post-central gyrus
- responsible for feeling touch/pain/temperature/etc
primary somatosensory cortex
25
- a sensory region of the brain
- responsible for interpreting information
somatosensory association area
26
- a sensory region of the brain
- responsible for sight
primary visual cortex
27
- a sensory region of the brain
- responsible for interpreting sight
visual association area
28
- a sensory region of the brain
- responsible for hearing sound
primary auditory cortex
29
- a sensory region of the brain
- responsible for interpreting sound
auditory association area
30
- located within the auditory association area
- responsible for making speech
Broca's Area
31
- located within the auditory association area
- responsible for comprehending speech
Wernicke's Area
32
- the part of the brain that is responsible for all complex behavior
- makes up 80% of the brain
cerebrum
33
- the outside of the cerebrum
- made of gray matter folded into gyri and sulci
cerebral cortex
34
What is the difference between gyri and sulci?
- gyri are the outer folds
- sulci are the valleys in between gyri
35
What is the cerebrum divided into?
cerebral hemispheres
36
The cerebral hemispheres are divided by the _________.
longitudinal fissure
37
- located in the cerebrum
- divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
38
- located in the cerebrum
- a bunch of axons that connect the two halves of the brain
corpus callosum
39
Lobes of the cerebrum correlate with _____________.
bones of the skull
40
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- pre-central gyrus
- motor association area
frontal lobe
41
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- post-central gyrus
- somatosensory association area
parietal lobe
42
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- primary auditory cortex
- auditory association area
temporal lobe
43
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- primary visual cortex
- visual association area
occipital lobe
44
- located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
- responsible for controlling skeletal muscle
primary motor cortex
45
- located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
- responsible for interpreting voluntary movement
motor association area
46
Which part of the brain contains the following?
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
diencephalon
47
What is the function of the epithalamus?
to respond to blue light
48
- located in the epithalamus
- releases melatonin which controls our circadian rhythym
pineal gland
49
- located in the diencephalon
- the relay center for all senses except smell
- ensures signals go to the correct part of the brain by filtering them
thalamus
50
- located in the diencephalon
- responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system
- maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
51
- located in the hypothalamus
- controls the endocrine system (hormones)
pituitary gland
52
Which part of the brain contains the following?
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
brain stem
53
What is the midbrain responsible for?
visual and auditory reflexes
54
- located in the midbrain
- responsible for controlling visual reflexes
superior colliculi
55
- located in the midbrain
- responsible for controlling auditory reflexes
inferior colliculi
56
What is the functions of the pons in the brain stem?
contains nuclei for most of the cranial nerves
57
What is the function of the medulla oblongata in the brain stem?
controls breathing and the reticular activating system
58
What is the function of the reticular activating system?
to control whether you are awake or asleep
59
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating movement?
cerebellum
60
receptors in muscles, tendons, and ligaments that send information to the brain for spatial awareness
proprioceptors
61
Which part of the brain is responsible for smoothing motion from the cerebellum?
basal ganglia
62
Which part of the brain is responsible for the following functions?
- emotions
- behavior, planning, and memory
- controlling physiological function (homeostasis)
limbic system
63
- located in the limbic system
- responsible for controlling sense of smell
olfactory bulb
64
All of the functions of the limbic system are affected by _________.
pheromones
65
- an degenerative autoimmune disease
- occurs when the immune system attacks oligodendrocytes
- CNS
multiple sclerosis
66
- typically caused by brain swelling
- occurs when swelling pushes on the medulla oblongata
- CNS
coma
67
What occurs when you retain existing memories but can't make new ones?
- CNS
anterograde amnesia
68
What occurs when you forget existing memories but can make new ones?
- CNS
retrograde amnesia
69
- an autoimmune disease
- occurs when the immune system attacks Schwann Cells
- extremely rare but not degenerative
- PNS
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
70
- Degeneration of the brain that can cause a loss of memory, personality, and/or physiological function
- CNS
Dementia
71
- the most common type of dementia
- associated with Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Alzheimer's Disease Dementia
72
- a type of dementia associated with Lewy Bodies
Lewy Body Dementia
73
- a type of dementia caused by TIAs
- More common with age because the heart gets weaker
Vascular Dementia
74
- mini-strokes that cause small pieces of the brain to die off
- can be cumulative, resulting in one large stroke
Transient Ischemic Attacks
75
- a type of dementia when the brain deteriorates due to damage
trauma dementia
76
Why is damage from trauma cumulative?
because neurons don't regenerate
77
What occurs when you hit the brain with enough force to lose consciousness?
concussion
78
What occurs when a lot of trauma to the brain causes regions of the brain to die?
Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy
79
What occurs when there is a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct?
- CSF is being made but can't flow
- The lateral and third ventricles fill up with CSF which puts pressure on the brain and skull
- Caused by a congenital defect in children or a tumor in adults
hydrocephalus
80
How is hydrocephalus treated?
a shunt is placed in the ventricle so that CSF can drain
81
What occurs when the meninges are inflamed?
meningitis
82
What occurs when swollen meninges push down on the brain?
encephalitis
83
How is meningitis diagnosed and where?
- lumbar puncture
- a sample of CSF is taken from under the end of the spinal cord
84
How is meningitis treated?
- antibiotics
- removing a piece of the skull to allow the brain to swell
85
What is it called when there is bleeding in the subdural space?
- Typically caused by damage to the dura mater
subdural hemorrhage
86
What are the two conditions that can cause encephalitis?
1) Meningitis
2) Subdural Hemorrhage
87
How is a subdural hemorrhage treated?
By drilling holes in the skull so blood can drain
88
What is an epidural injection? What occurs after the injection?
- When numbing solution is injected into the epidural space
- All nerves below the catheter will be numbed, no longer receiving sensory signals and sending motor signals
89
Cell bodies don't regenerate, but _______ do.
axons
90
What is the condition when high levels of glucose in blood damage nerves?
- presents as pins and needles in the feet before moving up the leg
- Causes a loss of sensation
- Sores and ulcers are treated via antibiotic creams/ointments
diabetic neuropathy
91
Regions of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
dermatomes
92
- caused by the chicken pox virus, which remains dormant in the posterior root ganglion
- the chicken pox virus re-activates and moves down a nerve
- presents as a painful, striped nerve rash
shingles
93
What is it called when areas of the body hurt in response to an organ hurting?
referred pain
94
Why isn't organ pain localized?
because of unmyelinated neurons
95
What is it called when temporary paralysis occurs due to the facial nerve getting inflamed and pinched?
- typically presents in half of the face
Bell's Palsy
96
- an infection of the conjunctiva
- AKA pink eye
- appears pink because blood vessels in the areolar CT dilate
conjunctivitis
97
- a blurry spot in the eye due to a cornea that isn't flat
- treated with Lasik
astigmatism
98
- when you can't focus on things that are close
- occurs with age because the lens loses elasticity
presbyopia
99
- when too much aqueous humor causes high pressure in the eye
- too much pressure on the blood vessel layer can destroy the retina
- can lead to blindness if untreated because neurons aren't getting oxygenated
glaucoma
100
- this occurs when the lens gets cloudy
- occurs naturally with age
- treated with a lens replacement
cataract
101
- occurs when fluid builds up between the macula and choroid
- the fluid prevents the choroid from nourishing the macula, so photoreceptors start to die
- results in peripheral vision, with a blind spot in the center
macular degeneration
102
- normally due to an injury but can occur spontaneously
- Retina must be surgically reattached
- can cause permanent damage if not treated immediately because the choroid can't nourish the retina
detached retina
103
- nearsightedness
- occurs when the eye is slightly elongated
- when you are unable to focus on things that are far away
myopia
104
- farsightedness
0 when the eye is too short to focus on things that are close up
hyperopia
105
- what occurs when hair cells in the semicircular canals randomly send signals?
- makes you feel like you're moving when you aren't
- typically caused by an infection
vertigo
105
- what occurs when hair cells in the semicircular canals randomly send signals?
- makes you feel like you're moving when you aren't
- typically caused by an infection
vertigo
