Nervous system Flashcards by Bhea Asanion

Basic unit of the nervous system

Neurons

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Structure of a neuron

S D A M S R AT

Soma
Dendrites
Axons
Myelin sheaths
Schwann cells
Node of Ranvier
Axon terminals

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Structure of a neuron

Contains the nucleus and other organelles

Soma

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Structure of a neuron

Recieves stimuli

Dendrites

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Structure of a neuron

sends nerve impluses

Axons

Axoplasm - cytoplasm of neurons
Axolemna - plasma membrane of a neuron

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Types of neurons

M S A

Motor neurons
Senrory neurons
Association neurons

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Types of neurons

transmit sensory impulses

afferent neurons

Sensory neurons

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Types of neurons

Sends nerve impulses from CNS to effectors to produce a response

efferent

Motor neurons

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Types of neurons

sends impulses from sensory to motor neurons

Association neurons

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Structure of a neuron

Interrupt continuous conduction of a nerve impulse along the axon

Schwann cell

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Process where nerve bunbles are wrapped in myelin sheaths

Myelination

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Result of electrical change in a neuron’s membrane

nerve impulse

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Difference of electrical charge between outside and inside the membrane

Polarized

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Maintaining excess Na outside the membrane and K inside the membrane

Polarization

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What is maintained outside the membrane?
What is maintained inside the membrane?

*during polarization

Na (Sodium)
K (Potassium)

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channels where ions can pass through and that open in response to neurotransmitters

gated channels

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Key events of nerve impulse transmission

Resting potential
Graded potential

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Key events of nerve impulse transmission

Polarized state if a neuron

Resting potential

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Key events of nerve impulse transmission

Change to resting potential in response to a stimulus
Causes Na and K channels to open

Graded potential

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Graded potential

What happens if Na channels open?

Depolarization

more positive environment

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Graded potential

What happens id K channels are open?

Hyperpolarization

Creates a more negative environment

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Initiation of a nerve impulse

A D R H

Action potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

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Initiation of a nerve impulse

Na channels open until enough open for the neuron to depolarize

Action potential

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Initiation of a nerve impulse

Opening of K gates to repolarize the neuron. Na gates close

Repolarization

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# Initiation of a nerve impulse More K move out to establish original polaized potential

Hyperpolarization

# Initiation of a nerve impulse Na and K are reestablished to their original distribution through Na/K pumps to ready neuron for another stimulus

Refractory stage

gap between neuronor between neurons and muscles

synapses

Diffusion of chemicals through synapses

1. depolarization and Ca gates open 2. Release of a neurotransmitter into the synapses via synaptic vescicles merging with presynaptic membrane 3. Neurotransmitter binds with postsynaptic receptors after diffusing across the synapse 4.Postsynaptic membrane excites and either produces depolarization or polarization 5.Neurotransmitters are degraded or recycled or reabsorbed 6.Cycle repeats

Common neurotransmitters

1. Acetycholine (ACh) 2. Epinephrine, norepineprhine (NE), dopamin, serotonin 3. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

composed of axons and dendrites

Nerve fibers

myelinated axons of central nervous system

white matter

unmyelinated neurons and neuroglia in the CNS

Gray matter

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

Nuclei

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

Ganglia

Parts of the nervous system

1. Brain 2. Spinal cord 3. nerves

# Anatomy of the brain Convolutions of the brain

1. Gyrus - elevatd ridges 2. sulcus - grooves between gyri

# Anatomy of the brain * most visible part of the brain * connected by the corpus collosum

Cerebrum

Layers of the cerebrum

1. Cerebral cortex (gray matter) 2. Cerebral white matter 3. Basal ganglia (pockets of gray matter deep within cerebral white matter)

# Anatomy of the brain Lobes of the brain

1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital * motor strip * sensory strip * Broca strip * Wernicke area

# Lobes of the brain Personality, judgement, intelligence

Frontal lobe ## Footnote Broca's strip - speaking and writing Motor strip - voluntary body movement

# Lobes of the brain language, sensory stimuli, spacial and visual perception

Parietal lobe ## Footnote Sensory strip - touch, pain, temperature

# Lobes of the brain memory, hearing, organization

Temporal lobe ## Footnote Wernicke's area - understanding language

# Lobes of the brain vision

Occipital lobe

# Deep strucutres of the brain * governs function of other glands * Regulates hormones * recieves signals from hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

# Deep structures of the brain * sends signals to the pituitary gland * regulates tempetature, skeep cycle, hunger and thirst

Hypothalamus

# Deep structures of the brain * respond to light and dark * secretes melatonin for cicardian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle

Pineal gland

# Deep structures of the brain * emotion and memory * flight or fight response * reward system

Amygdala

# Anatomy of the brain * Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid * Absorbs physical shocks to the brain * distributes nutrients and removes awaste of nervous tissue

Ventricles 1. Lateral ventricles 2. Cerebral aquaduct 3. Interventricular Formina 4. 3rd ventricle 5. 4th ventricle 6. Central canal ## Footnote Choroid plexus - cappilaries filtering out blood plasma in ventricles

# Anatomy of the brian Protective cover of the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

Layers of the meninges

1. Skull 2. Epidural space 3. Dura 4. Subdural space 5. Arachnoid 6. Subarachnoid space 7. Pia matter

# Layers of the meninges tough outer layer inside the skull

Dura ## Footnote Dural sheath - dura surrounding spinal cord

# Layers of the meninges * Transports CSF from subarachnoid space to dural sinuses * have villi

Arachnoid matter

# Layers of the meninges lays between arachnoid and dura

Subdural space

# Layers of the meninges * space inside the arachnoid matter * contains vessels * circulates CSF

Subarachnoid space

# Layers of the meninges * tightly covers the brain and spinal cord * contain blood vessels that nourish the brain

Pia matter

* Allows certain materials to pass through the brain's blood vessels * allows entrance to O2, water, CO2, essential amino acids and lipids

Blood-brain barrier

Establishing the barrier

1. Less permeable brain capillaries 2. Basal lamina surronding the brain affecting permeability 3. Astrocytes covering the brain capillaries and affecitng permeability

Cranial nerves

1. Olfactory - smell 2. Optic - sight 3. Oculamotor - eye and pupil movement 4. trochlear - eye movement 5. trigeminal - face sensation 6. abducens - eye movement 7. facial - facial movement and salavation 8. vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance 9. glossopharyngual - taste and swallowing 10. vagus - heart rate and digestion 11. accessory - head movement 12. hypoglossal - tongue movement

Brain stem

1. Pons 2. Medulla oblongata 3. Spinal cord

# Brain stem relays and regulates pain signals

Pons

# Braint stem manages automatic processes

Medulla oblongata

# Brain stem * sends motor commands to the body * sends sensory commands from body to the brain * begins at the foramen magnus

Spinal cord ## Footnote Conus medullaris - tapering point of the cord at L1 vertebrae Filum terminale - holds cord in position at its inferior end; extension of the pia matter attached to the coccyx denticulate ligaments - lateral extension of pia matter attached to dural sheath; holds spinal cord in vertebral canal

Spinal cord plexus groups

1. Cervical 2. Lumbar 3. Brachial 4. Sacral

Spinal nerves

* 31 pairs * emerges from spinal column through intervertebral foramen (except first spinal nerve as they emerge between occipital bone and atlas)

Nerve divisions

1. Dorsal ramus 2. Ventral ramus 3. Meningeal ramus 4. Rami communicantus

# Nerve divisions nerves serving as the dorsal portion of the trunk

Dorsal ramus

# Nerve divisions nerves serving as ventral portion

Ventral ramus

# Nerve divisions serves as meninges and blood vessels

Meningeal ramus

# Nerve divisions contains automatic nerves that serve as visceral function

rami assocciates

Nervous system organization

1. Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system nerves supplying the body

Automatic nervous system ## Footnote controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands monitors visceral organs provides info for CNS

1. Sympathetic nervous system 2. Parasympathetic nervous system

# Automatic nervou system * Fight or flight response * stimulats heart rate, dialation of bronchioles and blood vessels

Sympathetic nervous system | Thoracolumbar division

# Automatic nervous system * inhibits body's excited state * active during digestion and rest

Parasympathetic nervous system