Nervous System Flashcards
(283 cards)
1
Q
Nervous tissue is made up of just two principal types of cells:
A
- NEUROGLIA
- NEURONS
2
Q
small cells that surround and wrap the more delicate
neurons
A
NEUROGLIA
3
Q
nerve cells that are excitable (responsive to stimuli) and transmit electrical signals
A
NEURONS
4
Q
is the master integrating and coordinating system, continuously monitoring and processing sensory information both from the external environment and from within the body
A
nervous system
5
Q
Two primary divisions make up the nervous system:
A
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
6
Q
consisting of the brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
7
Q
include nerves, sensory receptors, and some clusters of neuron cell bodies
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
8
Q
neuroglia or
A
glial cells
9
Q
Neuroglia of the CNS include
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- Astrocytes
- Microglial cells
- Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocytes
10
Q
The neuroglia found in the PNS include
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Satellite cells
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
11
Q
are the most abundant CNS neuroglia
A
Astrocytes
12
Q
are defensive cells in the CNS
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Microglial cells
13
Q
line cerebrospinal fluid–filled cavities
A
Ependymal cells
14
Q
have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers
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Oligodendrocytes
15
Q
Oligodendrocytes have processes that form ________________ around CNS nerve fibers
A
myelin sheaths
16
Q
surround neurons in the PNS
A
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
17
Q
form myelin in the PNS
A
Schwann cells
18
Q
receptive regions
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Dendrites
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Q
biosynthetic center and receptive region
A
Cell body
20
Q
The nervous system has three overlapping functions:
A
- Sensory input
- Integration
- Motor output
21
Q
In the PNS, clusters of neuron cell bodies are called
A
ganglia
22
Q
The nervous system uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. The gathered information is called
A
sensory input
23
Q
The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment—a process called
A
integration
24
Q
The nervous system activates effector organs—the muscles and glands—to cause a response, called
A
motor output
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what are the effector organs that the nervous system activates
muscles and glands
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PNS includes
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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communication lines between the CNA and the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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sensory (afferent) division
somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
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includes somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
sensory (afferent) division
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conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
sensory (afferent) division
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includes motor nerve fibers
motor (efferent) division
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motor (efferent) division includes
motor nerve fibers
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conducts impulses form the CNS to effectors
motor (efferent) division
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somatic motor is
voluntary
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somatic nervous system includes
somatic motor
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autonomic nervous system includes
visceral motor
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visceral motor is
involuntary
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conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
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conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glad
autonomic nervous system
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mobilizes body systems during activity
sympathetic division
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- conserves energy
- promotes house-keeping functions during rest
parasympathetic division
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A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell
Synapse
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Types of Synapses:
A. Axodendritic Synapse
B. Axosomatic Synapse
C. Axoaxonal Synapse
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the neuron conducting impulses toward the synapse
presynaptic neuron
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the neuron transmitting the electrical signal away from the synapse
postsynaptic neuron
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consist of gap junctions like those found between certain
other body cells
Electrical Synapses
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Electrical Synapses contain protein channels, called
connexons
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intimately connect the cytoplasm of adjacent neurons and allow ions and small molecules to flow directly from one neuron to the next
connexons
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transmission across these synapses is very rapid
Electrical Synapses
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In Electrical Synapses communication may be
unidirectional or bidirectional
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communication may be unidirectional or bidirectional
Electrical Synapses
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Found in regions of the brain responsible for certain stereotyped movements
Electrical Synapses
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Electrical Synapses are found in regions of the brain responsible for certain stereotyped movements such as
normal jerky movements of the eyes
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a brain region intimately involved in emotions and memory
hippocampus
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also occur in axoaxonal synapses in the hippocampus, a
brain region intimately involved in emotions and memory.
Electrical Synapses
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Allow the flow of ions between neurons
Chemical Synapses
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Specialized to allow the release and reception of chemical
neurotransmitters
Chemical Synapses
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Two parts of chemical synapse:
a. axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
b. neurotransmitter receptor region
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Classification of Neurotransmitters by Function:
1. Effects: Excitatory Versus Inhibitory
2. Actions: Direct Versus Indirect
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are those that bind to and open ion channels
Direct Neurotransmitters
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These neurotransmitters provoke rapid responses
in postsynaptic cells by altering membrane potential
Direct Neurotransmitters
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promote broader, longer-lasting effects by acting through
intracellular second messenger molecules, typically via G protein pathway
Indirect Neurotransmitters
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Indirect Neurotransmitters promote broader, longer-lasting effects by acting through intracellular __________________________ molecules, typically via G protein pathway
second messenger
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promote broader, longer-lasting effects by acting through
intracellular second messenger molecules, typically via _____________________________
G protein pathway
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Examples of Indirect Neurotransmitters
biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and dissolved Gases
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the input travels along one pathway to a specific destination
Serial processing
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the input travels along several different pathways to be integrated in different CNS regions
Parallel processing
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the whole system works in a predictable all-or-nothing
manner
Serial processing
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examples of serial processing are
spinal reflexes
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In Serial processing, the whole system works in a predictable
all-or-nothing manner
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Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli, in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response.
Serial processing
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Reflexes occur over neural pathways called
reflex arcs
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five essential components of reflex arcs
- receptor
- sensory neuron
- Integration center
- Motor neuron
- effector
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inputs are segregated into many pathways, and different parts of the neural circuitry deal simultaneously with the information delivered by each pathway.
Parallel processing
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Parallel processing is
Not repetitious
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is the ability to retain and recall information
Memory
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Types of Memory:
- Sensory Memory (Working memory)
- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
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Memories are stored throughout the
cerebral cortex
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Memories are stored throughout the cerebral cortex in pathways known as ________________
memory traces
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one of the main areas in recalling long-term memory
hippocampus
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shortest-term element of memory
working memory
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is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.
working memory
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A cognitive system that holds and processes information
working memory
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working memory involves
frontal lobes
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Can hold only 7-12 pieces of information at a time
Short term Memory
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Memory disappear unless an effort, such as repetition is
made, to put them into a more permanent .
Short term Memory
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In short-term meory, memory disappear unless an effort, such as _____________ is made, to put them into a more permanent .
repetition
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Capable of holding vast amounts of information
Long Term Memory
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The processing of information that converts short-term memory into long-term memory is known as
consolidation
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can take varying period of time from seconds to minutes
Long Term Memory
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Islands of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Basal nuclei
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regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying
instructions (particularly in relation to starting or stopping movement) sent to the skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex
Basal nuclei
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“emotional visceral brain” found in hypothalamus
LIMBIC SYSTEM
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Limbic System evokes
thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure
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Limbic system is the ______________________________ found in hypothalamus
“emotional visceral brain”
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Limbic system is the “emotional visceral brain" found in
hypothalamus
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Parts of Limbic system especially important in emotions:
- amygdala
- cingulate gyrus
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deals with memory and anger, danger, and fear responses; helps to access memories
amygdala
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plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
cingulate gyrus
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Puts emotional responses to odors – e.g., skunks smell bad
cingulate gyrus
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large, cauliflower-like
CEREBELLUM
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projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
CEREBELLUM
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has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface
CEREBELLUM
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CEREBELLUM has
two hemispheres and a convoluted surface
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provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium
CEREBELLUM
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Responsible for smooth and coordinated muscle movement
CEREBELLUM
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Plays its role less well when it is sedated by alcohol
CEREBELLUM
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Homeostatic imbalance of Cerebellum: movements become clumsy and disorganized a condition called
ataxia
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Protection of the Central Nervous System
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Blood brain barrier
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Types of Meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
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Double-layered external covering
dura mater
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attached to surface of the skull
periosteum
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outer covering of the brain
Meningeal layer
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Folds inward in several areas
Dura mater
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- Middle layer (meninx)
- Web-like
Arachnoid layer
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- Internal layer
- Clings to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
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is between Arachnoid and Pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid
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Cerebrospinal fluid is between
Arachnoid and Pia mater
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contains more Na+, Cl-, and H+ than does blood plasma, and less Ca2+ and K+
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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Cerebrospinal Fluid is continually formed by the
choroid plexus
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Formed by the choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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(2) in each hemisphere
lateral ventricles
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in slit between thalamic halves
third ventricle
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between brain stem and cerebellum
fourth ventricle
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channel between lateral -> 3rd ventricle
Foramen of Monro
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channel between 3rd ventricle -> 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
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4th ventricle -> other spaces
median & lateral apertures -
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Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle
Choroid Plexuses
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Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF
Choroid Plexuses
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Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes
Choroid Plexuses
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The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by
three connective tissue membranes called
meninges
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Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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bundle of neuron fibers
Nerve
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are bundled by connective tissue
Neuron fibers
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Endoneurium surrounds each fiber
Nerve
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Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by
perineuriuma
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surrounds each nerve fiber
Endoneurium
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Fascicles are bound together by
epineurium
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Classification of Nerves
- Mixed nerves
- Afferent (sensory) nerves
- Efferent (motor) nerves
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both sensory and motor fibers
Mixed nerves
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carry impulses toward the CNS
Afferent (sensory) nerves
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carry impulses away from the CNS
Efferent (motor) nerves
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12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck
Cranial Nerves
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In Cranial Nerves, most are _____________, but three are
____________ only
mixed nerves; sensory
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sensory for smell
Olfactory nerve
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sensory for vision
Optic nerve
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motor fibers to eye muscles (III)
Oculomotor nerve
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motor fiber to eye muscles (IV)
Trochlear
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sensory for the face
Trigeminal nerve
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motor fibers to chewing muscles
Trigeminal nerve
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motor fibers to eye muscles (VI)
Abducens nerve
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sensory for taste
Facial nerve
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motor fibers to the face
Facial nerve
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sensory for balance and hearing
Vestibulocochlear nerve
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sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx
Glossopharyngeal nerve
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sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera
Vagus nerves
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motor fibers to neck and upper back
Accessory nerve
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motor fibers to tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
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Form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
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ridges of the cortex
gyrus (gyri)
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groove or valley in the cortex
sulcus (sulci)
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long deeper groove
fissure
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Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into several lobes:
Frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital
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separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Central sulcus
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separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus
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separates the parietal and temporal lobes
Lateral sulcus
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border the central sulcus
precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
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superficial gray matter; accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain
cortex
171
It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
CEREBRAL CORTEX
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Each hemisphere acts contralaterally (controls the
opposite side of the body)
CEREBRAL CORTEX
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controls the opposite side of the body
contralaterally
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The three types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex are:
– Motor areas
– Sensory areas
- Association areas
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control voluntary movement
Motor areas
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conscious awareness of sensation
Sensory areas
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integrate diverse information
Association areas
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Located in the precentral gyrus
Primary Motor Cortex
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Primary Motor Cortex is located in the
precentral gyrus
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Composed of pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts
Primary Motor Cortex
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Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
Primary Motor Cortex
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Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
PREMOTOR CORTEX
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Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
PREMOTOR CORTEX
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Involved in the planning of movements
PREMOTOR CORTEX
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Sensory Areas
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Somatosensory association cortex
- Wernicke’s area
- Visual areas
- Auditory areas
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Located in the postcentral gyrus
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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Exhibits spatial discrimination
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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Integrates sensory information
Somatosensory Association Cortex
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Forms comprehensive understanding of the stimulus
Somatosensory Association Cortex
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Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts
Somatosensory Association Cortex
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Seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
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Receives visual information from the retinas
Primary visual cortex
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Surrounds the primary visual cortex
Visual association area
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Interprets visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement)
Visual association area
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Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
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Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
Primary auditory cortex
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Located posterior to the primary auditory cortex
Auditory association area
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Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of
sounds
Auditory association area
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ability sound out new words/sounds
Wernicke’s area
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Located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe
Prefrontal Cortex
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Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
Prefrontal Cortex
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Necessary for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
Prefrontal Cortex
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closely linked to the limbic system (emotional part of the
brain)
Prefrontal Cortex
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Language Areas
- Wernicke’s area
- Broca’s area
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Located in a large area surrounding the left (or language dominant) lateral sulcus
Language Areas
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involved in sounding out unfamiliar words
Wernicke’s area
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speech preparation and production
Broca’s area
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Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)
Broca’s area
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A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
Broca’s area
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Is active as one prepares to speak
Broca’s area
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each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner
Lateralization
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designates the hemisphere dominant for language
Cerebral dominance
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“controls” or involved in language, math, and logic
Left hemisphere
215
“controls” or involved in visualspatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills
Right hemisphere
216
Consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
Cerebral White Matter
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It is responsible for communication between:
– The cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum
Cerebral White Matter
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Central core of the forebrain that encloses the third ventricle
Diencephalon
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Diencephalon consists of three paired structures:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus (w/ pineal gland)
220
Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
Thalamus
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Thalamus Contains four groups of nuclei
anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior
222
Afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse in the
Thalamus
223
All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through
the
Thalamus
224
Plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
Thalamus
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Located below the thalamus
Hypothalamus
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it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle
Hypothalamus
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Small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
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Relay station for olfactory pathways
Mammillary bodies
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stalk of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland
Infundibulum
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Main visceral control center of the body
Infundibulum
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Regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities
Hypothalamus
232
Is involved with perception of pleasure, fear, and rage
Hypothalamus
233
Controls mechanisms needed to maintain normal body temperature
Hypothalamus
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Regulates feelings of hunger and satiety
Hypothalamus
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Regulates sleep and the sleep cycle
Hypothalamus
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Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the
third ventricle
Epithalamus
237
extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin
Pineal Gland
238
a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
Pineal Gland
239
Brain Stem Consists of three regions:
- Midbrain
- Pons
- medulla oblongata
240
Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
Brain Stem
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Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Brain Stem
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Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
Brain Stem
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Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Brain Stem
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Located between the diencephalon and the pons
Midbrain
245
Midbrain structures include:
- Cerebral peduncles
- Cerebral aqueduct –
- Various Nuclei
246
two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts from the cortex
Cerebral peduncles
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hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
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Midbrain Nuclei includes:
- Corpora quadrigemina
- Superior colliculi
- Inferior colliculi
- Substantia nigra
249
four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina
250
visual reflex centers
Superior colliculi
251
auditory relay centers
Inferior colliculi
252
functionally linked to basal nuclei
Substantia nigra
253
area affected by Parkinson’s disease
Substantia nigra
254
Bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the
medulla oblongata
Pons
255
Contains nuclei of the reticular formation which is
involved in general arousal of the brain
Pons
256
Fibers of the pons:
- Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord
- Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the
cerebellum
257
Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the
brain stem
Cerebellar Peduncles
258
All fibers in the cerebellum are
ipsilateral (same side)
259
3 Cerebellar Peduncles
- Superior peduncles
- Middle peduncles
- Inferior peduncles
260
connect the cerebellum to the midbrain
Superior peduncles
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connect the pons to the cerebellum
Middle peduncles
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connect the medulla to the cerebellum
Inferior peduncles
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Most inferior part of the brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
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Medulla Oblongata has two major tracts of nerve fibers with motor info:h
- Pyramids
- Decussation of the pyramids
265
two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts
Pyramids
266
crossover points to other side of spinal cord for the corticospinal tracts
Decussation of the pyramids
267
Medulla Nuclei
- Inferior olivary nuclei
- Vestibular nuclear complex
- Ascending sensory tract nuclei (nucleus cuneatus and
nucleus gracilis)
- Cardiovascular control center
- Respiratory centers
268
gray matter that relays sensory information
Inferior olivary nuclei
269
synapses that mediate and maintain equilibrium
Vestibular nuclear complex
270
adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
Cardiovascular control center
271
control rate and depth of breathing
Respiratory centers
272
Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Cerebellum
273
rotrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
Cerebellum
274
Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass
Cerebellum
275
Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal
muscle contraction
Cerebellum
276
Cerebellar activity occurs
subconsciously
277
receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
Cerebellum
278
“inform” the cerebellum of the body’s condition
Proprioceptors and visual signals
279
calculates the best way to perform a movement
Cerebellar cortex
280
A “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the
cerebral motor cortex
281
impulse generating and conducting region
axon
282
myelin sheath gap
node of ranvier
283
secretory region
axon terminals
