The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Flashcards

(106 cards)

1
Q

is an organ made up of several different tissues working together

A

Bone

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2
Q

Bone is an organ made up of several different tissues working together:

A
  • bone (osseous) tissue
  • cartilage
  • dense connective tissue
  • epithelium
  • adipose tissue
  • nervous tissue
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3
Q

the entire framework of bones and their cartilages

A

Skeletal System

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4
Q

the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

A

Osteology

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5
Q

osteo means

A

bone

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6
Q

logy means

A

study of

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7
Q

Skeletal System: Functions

A
  • support
  • protection
  • Assistance in movement
  • Mineral homeostasis (storage and release)
  • Blood cell production
  • Triglyceride storage
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8
Q

what cells store triglycerides?

A

adipose cells

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9
Q

is one that has greater length than width

A

Long bone

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10
Q

A typical long bone consists of the following parts:

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphyses
  3. Metaphyses
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Periosteum
  6. Medullary cavity
  7. Endosteum
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11
Q

Diaphysis means

A

(growing between)

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12
Q

is the bone’s shaft or body

A

Diaphysis

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13
Q

the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone

A

Diaphysis

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14
Q

Epiphyses means

A

growing over

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15
Q

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone

A

Epiphyses

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16
Q

meta means

A

between

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17
Q

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

A

Metaphyses

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18
Q

a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

A

Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate

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19
Q

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis

A

Articular Cartilage

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20
Q

where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone

A

Articular Cartilage

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21
Q

peri means

A

around

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22
Q

is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

A

Periosteum

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23
Q

periosteum has an

A

outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

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24
Q

medulla means

A

marrow, pith

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25
other term for medullary cavity
Marrow Cavity
26
is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults
medullary cavity
27
endo means
within
28
is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
29
contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.
Endosteum
30
Extracellular Matrix is about
15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts
31
The most abundant mineral salt is
calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]
32
calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] combines with another mineral salt, ____________________________, to form crystals of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2].
calcium hydroxide
33
calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] combines with another mineral salt, calcium hydroxide, to form crystals of?
hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
34
minerals crystallize and the tissue hardens
Calcification
35
it is initiated by bone-building cells called osteoblasts
Calcification
36
Calcification is initiated by bone-building cells called
osteoblasts
37
depends on the crystallized inorganic mineral salts
Bone’s Hardness
38
depends on its collagen fibers
Bone’s Flexibility
39
______________________ secrete enzymes and acids that break down both the mineral salts and the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix of bone.
osteoclasts
40
Four types of cells are present in bone tissue:
- Osteoprogenitor cell - Osteoblast - Osteocyte - Osteoclast
41
develops into an osteoblast
Osteoprogenitor cell
42
- unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme
Osteoprogenitor cell
43
Osteoprogenitor cells are unspecialized bone stem cells derived from?
mesenchyme
44
they are the only bone cells to undergo cell division
Osteoprogenitor cell
45
Osteoprogenitor cells are found along:
- the inner portion of the periosteum - in the endosteum - in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels
46
the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed
Mesenchyme
47
bone-building cells
osteoblast
48
forms bone extracellular matrix
osteoblast
49
they synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue
osteoblast
50
initiates calcification.
osteoblast
51
as osteoblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become trapped in their secretions and become?
osteocytes
52
mature bone cells
osteocyte
53
maintains bone tissue
osteocyte
54
are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.
osteocyte
55
like osteoblasts, osteocytes _____________________________
do not undergo cell division
56
functions in resorption
Osteoclast
57
huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.
Osteoclast
58
Osteoclast are derived from the fusion of as many as 50 of what certain type of white blood cell?
monocyte
59
The breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
resorption/bone resorption
60
is part of the normal development, maintenance, and repair of bone
resorption/bone resorption
61
what percentage of the skeleton is compact bone?
80%
62
what percentage of the skeleton is spongy bone?
20%
63
strongest form of bone tissue
compact bone
64
Found beneath the periosteum of all bones
compact bone
65
makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones
compact bone
66
Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement
compact bone
67
Composed of repeating structural units called osteons, or haversian systems
compact bone
68
compact bone is composed of repeating structural units called
osteons, or haversian systems
69
circular plates
Concentric Lamellae
70
small spaces between the concentric lamellae
Lacunae
71
canaliculi or
small channels
72
are filled with extracellular fluid
canaliculi
73
spongy bone can also be called
trabecular or cancellous bone
74
do spongy bone contain osteon?
NO
75
- always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone
spongy bone
76
spongy bone consists of ____________________ that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called trabeculae
lamellae
77
trabeculae or
little beams
78
irregular pattern of thin columns
trabeculae
79
filled with red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow (in other bones)
Macroscopic Spaces
80
Spongy bone tissue is ______________, which reduces the overall weight of a bone.
light
81
support and protect the red bone marrow
Trabeculae of Spongy Bone Tissue
82
is the only site where red bone marrow is stored
Spongy bone in the hip bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae, and the proximal ends of the humerus and femur
83
the site where hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in adults.
Red Bone Marrow
84
blood cell production
Hemopoiesis
85
Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
- Periosteal arteries - Nutrient artery - Metaphyseal arteries - Epiphyseal arteries
86
enter the diaphysis through many interosteonic canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone.
Periosteal arteries
87
passes through a hole in compact bone called the nutrient foramen
Nutrient artery
88
Nutrient artery passes through a hole in compact bone called the
nutrient foramen
89
enter the metaphyses of a long bone
Metaphyseal arteries
90
enter the epiphyses of a long bone
Epiphyseal arteries
91
carry blood away from long bones
Veins
92
Veins that carry blood away from long bones are evident in three places:
1. One or two nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis 2. Numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the epiphyses and metaphyses, respectively 3. many small periosteal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the periosteum
93
what veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis?
One or two nutrient veins
94
what veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the epiphyses and metaphyses, respectively
Numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins
95
what veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the periosteum
many small periosteal veins
96
One or two nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the
diaphysis
97
Numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the
epiphyses and metaphyses
98
many small periosteal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the
periosteum
99
is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Bone remodeling
100
the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
Bone Resorption
101
the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
Bone Deposition
102
Bone Resorption is the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by ?
osteoclasts
103
Bone Deposition is the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by?
osteoblasts
104
At any given time, about ______ of the total bone mass in the body is being remodeled.
5%
105
also takes place at different rates in different regions of the body
Remodeling
106
The distal portion of the femur is replaced about
every four months