Nervous System

Question 1

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Answer 1

Brain, Spinal Cord and relay neurons

Question 2

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Answer 2

All nervous tissue outwith the CNS. Eg. nerves and sensory receptors.

Question 3

What two systems is the PNS divided into?

Answer 3

Autonomic (ANS) and somatic (SNS).

Question 4

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?

Answer 4

Usually voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Not always, eg postural, breathing, balance are not consciously being used.
Also receives and process sensory information and respond accordingly.

Question 5

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

Regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

Question 6

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 6

Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 7

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

Increase heart rate
(fight or flight)

Question 8

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

Decrease heart rate, increase rate of digestion.
(Rest and digest).

Question 9

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 9

12

Question 10

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 10

31

Question 11

What is the function of the CNS?

Answer 11

Receives and processes sensory information.
Sends signals to effectors to cause muscle contractions and releases from glands.

Question 12

What kind of neurons would you find in the PNS?

Answer 12

Sensory and motor neurons

Question 13

Where in a neuron are signals from other cells recieved?

Answer 13

Dendrites

Question 14

What is the part of the neuron that connects the cell body to the axon?

Answer 14

Axon hillock

Question 15

True or false- myelinated neurons carry impulses faster than non myelinated neurons

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what is the gap in between the myelin called on an axon?

Answer 16

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 17

Where in the neuron are the neurotransmitters stored

Answer 17

synaptic vesicles

Question 18

What is another name for sensory neurons?

Answer 18

Afferent

Question 19

What is another name for motor neurons?

Answer 19

Efferent

Question 20

What is the function of sensory neurons?

Answer 20

Conveys nerve impulses into the CNS from sensory receptors

Question 21

What is the function of motor neurons?

Answer 21

convey nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors (Glands and muscles)

Question 22

what is the function of Glial cells?

Answer 22

To nourish, protect and support nervous tissue

Question 23

What is the typical resting membrane potential?

Answer 23

-70mV

Question 24

What is the threshold of a neuron?

Answer 24

-55mV

Question 25

What flows into the cell when they are in the depolarising stage?

Answer 25

Na+ (Sodium)

Question 26

What gate closes in the repolarising stage?

Answer 26

Na+ gated channels

Question 27

What flows into the cell in the repolarising stage?

Answer 27

K+ (Potassium)

Question 28

What is the period called where a nerve impulses cannot be initiated?

Answer 28

The refractory period

Question 29

What is Saltatory conduction?

Answer 29

When the nerve impulse leaps from one myelinated part of the axon to the next

Question 30

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Answer 30

Relays information to the brain from sensory neurons and from the brain to motor neurons. Promotes homeostasis.

Question 31

What is a reflex arc called that only involves one synapse?

Answer 31

Monosynaptic

Question 32

Describe a polysynaptic reflex arc

Answer 32

A reflex arc that involves more than two different neurons

Question 33

Describe a reflex arc.

Answer 33

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, relay (inter) neuron, (spinal cord, brain), motor neurone, effector (muscle or gland).

Question 34

What would you find in the diencephalon?

Answer 34

Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and the pineal gland.

Question 35

What makes up the brain stem?

Answer 35

Medulla oblongata, mid brain and pons.

Question 36

main function of the brain

Answer 36

To receive information, process information and respond to information

Question 37

What is the pituitary gland known as and what hormones does it release?

Answer 37

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, folic stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone. Antidiuretic hormone (controls retention of water). It is known as a master gland as it controls and regulates other hormones.

Question 38

What is the gland called that controls the pituitary gland?

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 39

inferior to the larynx (voice box)

Question 40

What does the thyroid control?

Answer 40

Metabolism

Question 41

What hormone does the thyroid produce?

Answer 41

Thyroid hormone (Thyroxine).

Question 42

What gland is found posterior to the thyroid?

Answer 42

Parathyroid

Question 43

What is the function of the parathyroid?

Answer 43

Controls levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in the blood.

Question 44

What hormones does the pancreas release?

Answer 44

Glucagon and insulin.

Question 45

What do glucagon and insulin do?

Answer 45

Glucagon raises blood sugar levels and insulin lowers blood sugar levels.

Question 46

What hormones does the ovaries produce?

Answer 46

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 47

What do estrogens and progesterone control?

Answer 47

regulate the female reproductive cycle. Promotes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics.

Question 48

What hormone does the testes produce?

Answer 48

Testosterone

Question 49

What does testosterone do?

Answer 49

regulates sperm production and development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 50

Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?

Answer 50

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

Question 51

Which hormones enhance the effects of the sympathetic part of the nervous system?

Answer 51

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 52

Where are the suprarenal glands found?

Answer 52

Superior to the kidneys

Question 53

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 53

Melatonin

Question 54

What does melatonin contribute to?

Answer 54

controlling the body clock

Question 55

Where is the thymus gland found?

Answer 55

Posterior to the heart

Question 56

What hormone does the thymus produce?

Answer 56

Thymosin, thymic humoral factor

Question 57

What is the primary function of the thymus?

Answer 57

immunity

Question 58

Which gland releases cortisol?

Answer 58

Adrenal (suprarenal)

Question 59

What does cortisol do?

Answer 59

cortisol is released into the blood stream when you are stressed.

Question 60

What is the function of the thalamus and where is it located?

Answer 60

The thalamus is where knowledge is stored. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex. Located in the middle of the brain above the brain stem.

Question 61

What part of the brain is responsible for intelligence, emotions and memory?

Answer 61

The cerebrum and it is the largest part of the brain.

Question 62

where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 62

Middle of the brain in the epithalamus.

Question 63

Where is the cerebellum located and what is it's function?

Answer 63

posterior of the brain, above the brain stem. Function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain balance and posture.

Question 64

where is the medulla oblongata located and what is its function?

Answer 64

At the bottom of the brain stem. Its function is to regulate bodily activities including breathing, swallowing, heart rhythm, blood flow.

Question 65

where in the brain is the hypothalamus and what is it's function?

Answer 65

above the pituitary gland. Controls the pituitary gland. To help maintain homeostasis and regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, emotion and memory.

Question 66

Where in the brain is pons and what is its function?

Answer 66

Between the mid brain and the medulla. It forms part of the brain stem and bridges a connection between the mid brain and medulla. Responsible for blinking, focus vision, tear production.

Question 67

Where is the mid brain and what is its function?

Answer 67

Above pons, the most superior part of the brain stem. Function is to facilitate hearing, balance, response to environmental changes.

Question 68

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Answer 68

To relay information to and from the brain and the rest of the body.