Neurotransmittters 1. Small molecule, _____ acting transmitters inlcude? 2. Neuropeptides, ______ acting transmitters include?

1. Ach, Epi, Norepi, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine, GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Nitric Oxide (NO) 2. Hypothalmic hormones, Pituitary hormones, Peptides (Substance P, Gastrin, Insulin, Glucagon), Angiotensin II, Bradykinin

Nervous System (2/4) Flashcards by Lindsay Reynolds

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

_______ the postsynaptic cell

Opening of ____ channels

Include ___, _______, ______, ______, _______ and _______

Depolarize

Na+

Ach, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Glutamate, and Serotonin

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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

_______ the post synaptic cell

Opening of ___ or ____ channels

Include __-_____ _____ _____ (GABA) and ______

Hyperpolarize

K+ or Cl-

Y-Amino Butyric Acid, Glycine

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Summation at Synapses

_____ summation: Occurs if several nerve terminals fire at the _____ _____

_______ summation: Occurs if another actional potential ______ the nerve terminal before the first one has _______. This adds to first, producing a larger response in a stepwise fashion, called the “______ ______”

________, augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation: Occurs after ______ stimulation and is due to accumalation of ____

Spatial; Same Time

Temporal; Invades, Disappeared

Staircase Effect

Facilitation, Tetanic, Ca++

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Neurotransmitter Synthesis

A. Acetylcholine is created from _______ + _______

Acetyl CoA, Choline

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Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Norepi/Epi/Dopamine

Tyrosine is converted to L-dopa by enzyme ______ ______. This is the _____-______ step.

L-dopa is converted to Dopamine by enzyme ____ ________

Dopamine is converted to Norepinephrine by enzyme _______ _______

Norepi is converted to Epi by enzmye _________ __ __________

Tyrosine Hydoxylase; Rate-Limiting

Dopa Decarboxylase

Dopamine B-Hydroxylase

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (S-adenosylmethionine)

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Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Noreprinephrine is metabolized by ______ _______ (MAO)

_____ and _____ destroy Epi and Norepinephrine

Monoamine Oxidase

MAO, COMT

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Neurotransmitter Metabolism

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are metabolized by _____ into ________ ______, which is metabolized by _______ into __________ ______ (VMA) for excretion into urine

MAO, Dihydroxymandelic Acid

COMT, Vanillylmandelic Acid

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Neurotransmittters

Small molecule, _____ acting transmitters inlcude?
Neuropeptides, ______ acting transmitters include?

Ach, Epi, Norepi, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine, GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Nitric Oxide (NO)
Hypothalmic hormones, Pituitary hormones, Peptides (Substance P, Gastrin, Insulin, Glucagon), Angiotensin II, Bradykinin

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Neurons in Brain Stem (and Secretion)

These neurons send control signals upward into the _______ and _______ and downward into the ______ _______

_____ _____ secretes ________

________ neurons of ______ ______ secrete _________

______ ______ secretes ________

______ of the _____ secretes ________

Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Spinal Cord

Substantia Nigra, Dopamine

Gigantocellular, Reticular formation, Acetylcholine

Locus Ceruleus, Norepinephrine

Nuclei of the Raphe, Serotonin

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The 4 major neurotransmitters are ________, ________, ________, and _________

Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine, Acetylcholine

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Acetylcholine

Widely distributed and mainly ______, but _______ on the heart

Organophosphate, AKA _______, act as acetylcholine _____ (AChE) blockers, causing prolonged effect of ______, leading to cholinergic symptoms such as ______, ______, increased _______, and muscle ______

Treatment of exposure to pesticides: _______, due to its ability to block _______ receptors

Excitatory, Inhibitory

Pesticides, Esterase, Ach

Vomiting, Diarrhea, Secretions, Twitches

Atropine, Muscarinic

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Acetylcholine

Ach release is inhibited by _______ toxin, leading to ______ ______

Curare blocks the _____ receptor, leading to ______ ______

Decreased levels of ___ are seen in ________ disease. Treatment is to give ________, which is an ________ (AChE) blocker

Ach receptors are destroyed in this disease: ______ ______

Botulinum, Muscle Paralysis

Ach, Muscle Paralysis

Acetylcholine, Alzheimer’s

Rivastigmine, Anticholinesterase

Myasthenia Gravis

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Norepinephrine

Released from ______ ______ of midbrain, SNS

“______ ______” neurotransmitter

Binds to __ or __ receptors

Release in enhanced by ________

Reuptake is blocked by ________ antidepressants and _____

Locus Ceruleus

Feeling Good

Alpha or Beta

Amphetamines

Tricyclic, Cocaine

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Norepinephrine

_______ decreases level of Norepi, leading to _______

Metabolized by _____ and ______

Name the 4 metabolites of Norepi?

_________ ____ (VMA) is the most important metabolite of Norepi. This metabolite is used for the diagnosis of _______, because increased urinary excretion of VMA is seen in this disorder

Reserpine, Depression

MOA, COMT

3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid (DOMA), Normetanephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyglycol (MOPEG)

Vanillylmandellic Acid, Pheochromocytoma

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Epinephrine

Secreted along with norepinephrine from the _____ ______

Adrenal Medulla

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Dopamine

Released from ______ _____ and inhibits _______ secretion

Decreased levels are seen in _______ disease due to a ________ of dopamenergic neurons in the substantia nigra

Increased levels of dopamine are seen in ________

Substantia Nigra, Prolactin

Parkinson’s, Degeneration

Schizophrenia

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Serotonin (5-Hydroxytrypyamine, 5-HT)

Secreted from _____ _____, to the _____ _____ of the spinal cord

Is formed from _______

Inhibitor of _____ pathways in the spinal cord, contributing to ____ ______ “feeling good NT”

______ inhibits the reuptake (recycling) of serotonin, leading to ______ levels, causing an _______ effect

Raphe Nuclei, Dorsal Horn

Tryptophan

Pain, Mood elevation

Fluoxetine (Prozac), Increased, Antidepressant

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Histamine

Present in ______, formed from _______

Increases ____ _____ in stomach (Can treat this with ____ blockers)

Is also released by ____ _____

Hypothalamus, Histidine

Acid Secretion, H2

Mast Cells

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Glutamate

Most common ______ neurotransmitter

“_____ _______”: excites the cells to death

Increases intracellular ____ and ____ after stroke (already damaged cells become more damaged)

There are ____ types of glutamate receptors

Three subtypes are ______ receptors, including ______

Excitatory

Stroke Neurotransmitter

Na+, Ca++

Inotropic, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

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GABA

Is an ______ NT in the spinal cord, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex

GABA-A receptors increase ____ conductance, and is the site of action for _______ (Valium) and _______

GABA-B receptors increase ___ conductance

Inhibitory

Cl-, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates

K+

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Glycine

Inhibitory NT mainly in the _____ _____ (similar to GABA, but limited to one location)

Increases ___ conductance

_______ toxin blocks glycine, leading to uncontrolled ______

Spinal Cord

Cl-

Tetanus (clostridium tetanus), Contraction

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Nitric Oxide

Short acting inhibitory NT located in the ___ tract, _____ ______, and _____

Action is enhanced by _______

Acts via _____ mechanism

GI, Blood Vessels, CNS

Sildenafil (Viagra)

cGMP

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Endorphins

Natural ______

Examples are ______ and _______

Endorphins inhibit release of _______ __, which propogates ____ signaling in the PNS

Opiate

Dynorphin, Enkephalins

Substance P, Pain

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Somatostatin

Very ______ hormone

Has an anti _____ ______ effect

Inhibitory

Growth Hormone

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Norepinephrine (Recap) Increased in \_\_\_\_\_\_, decreased in \_\_\_\_\_\_; synthesized in the _____ \_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Anxiety, Depression Locus Ceruleus

Dopamine (Recap) Increased in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, decreased in _______ disease and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Synthesized in the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Schizophrenia, Parkinson's, Depression Substantia Nigra

Serotonin (5-HT) (Recap) Decreased in _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Synthesized in the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Anxiety, Depression Raphe Nucleus

Acetylcholine (Recap) Decreased in \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Synthesized at ______ sites

## Footnote Alzheimer's, Huntington's, REM Sleep Multiple

GABA (Recap) Decreased in _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Synthesized at ______ sites

## Footnote Anxiety, Huntington's Multiple

NMDA Receptor Activation NMDA receptor is in its resting state when it's blocked, or "plugged" by \_\_\_\_ Just think, ___ = relaxation and ____ = excitation \_\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ opens the channels, but depolarization does not occur while the ____ plug is still blocking the channel When depolarization of NMDA receptor occurs, ____ plug is removed along with _____ and _____ binding on receptor sites, leading to receptor \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Mg++ Mg++, Ca++ Glutamate, Glycine, Mg++ Mg++, Glutamate, Glycine, Activation

Environmental Changes Acidosis: ______ neuronal activity. pH change from 7.4 to 7.0 will usually induce \_\_\_\_\_ Alkalosis: _______ neuronal excitability. pH change from 7.4 to 8.0 usually will induce \_\_\_\_\_\_ Hypoxia: Brain highly dependent on \_\_\_\_\_\_. Interruption of brain _____ \_\_\_\_ for 3 to 7 seconds can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Depresses, Coma Increases, Seizures Oxygen, Blood Flow, Unconsciousness

Sensory Receptors Specialized ______ cells or ______ that transduce environmental signals into ______ signals The environmental signals which can be detected are mechanical \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Epithelial, Neurons, Neural Force, Light, Sound, Chemicals, Temperature

Sensory Transducers 1. Mechanoreceptor include ______ corpuscles, _____ receptors, stretch receptors in \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ cells in auditory and vestibular system 2. Photoreceptor includes _____ and _____ of retina 3. Chemoreceptor includes ______ receptors, ______ receptors, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and carotid body ___ receptors 4. Extreme of temperature and pain due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Pacinian, Joint, Muscle, Hair Rods, Cones Olfactory, Taste, Osmoreceptors, O2 Nocireceptors

Mechanoreceptors Pancinian Corpuscle: ______ like structure in the subcutaneous area, senses ______ or \_\_\_\_\_, and ______ adapts Meissner's Corpuscle: Present in non _____ skin, senses \_\_\_\_\_\_, and ______ adapts Ruffini's Corpuscle: \_\_\_\_\_\_, senses \_\_\_\_\_\_, and _____ adapts Merkel's Disk: Transducer is on _______ cells, senses \_\_\_\_\_\_, and ______ adapts

## Footnote Onion, Vibrations, Tapping, Rapidly Hairy, Velocity, Rapidly Encapsulated, Pressure, Slowly Epithelial, Location, Slowly

Nerve Fiber Types A-Alpha: Is a large \_\_\_\_\_\_; includes muscle ______ afferent and _____ tendon organs. This one is the _____ in diameter and has the fastest conduction \_\_\_\_\_\_ A-Beta: Related to _____ and \_\_\_\_\_; includes secondary afferent of muscle \_\_\_\_\_\_. This one is ______ in diameter and conducts at a ______ velocity A-Gamma: Includes motoneuron to muscle ______ with ______ diameter and ______ conduction velocity

## Footnote Motoneuron, Spindle, Golgi Largest, Velocity Touch, Pressure, Spindle Medium, Medium Spindle, Medium, Medium

Nerve Fiber Types A-Delta: Related to \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_ Note: related to _____ pain; This one is most sensitive to ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ diameter with ______ conduction velocity B: Involves _______ autonomic fibers C: Involves _______ autonomic fibers, _____ pain and temp reception (because it is \_\_\_\_\_\_); resitant to ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_; ______ diameter and _______ conduction velocity

## Footnote Touch, Pressure, Temp, Pain Fast, Local Anesthetic, Small, Medium Preganglionic Postganglionic, Slow, Unmyelinated Local Anesthetics, Smallest, Slowest

Steps in Sensory Transduction 1. Stimulus arrives at the ______ receptor (The stimulus could be a _____ of light on the retina, a molecule of NaCl on the \_\_\_\_\_\_, or a depression of the \_\_\_\_\_) 2. ____ channels are opened in the sensory receptors, allowing ______ to flow. Usually, current in inward, which produces ______ of the receptor

## Footnote Sensory, Photon, Tongue, Skin Ion, Current, Depolarization

Steps in Sensory Transduction 3. Change in the membrane ______ produced by the stimulus is the ______ potential or ______ potential If the receptor potential is \_\_\_\_\_\_, it brings the membrane potential closer to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If the receptor potential is large enough, the membrane potential will ______ the threshold potential, and an ____ \_\_\_\_\_ (impulse) will be fired by the sensory neuron

## Footnote Potential, Receptor, Generator Depolarizing, Threshold Exceed, Action Potential

Adaptation of Receptors \_\_\_\_\_ adapting or tonic receptors (muscle spindle, pressure, slow pain) respond _______ to a ______ stimulus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ adapting receptors (Pancinian corpuscle, light touch) show a decline in action potential _______ with time in response to _______ stimulus

## Footnote Slowly, Repetitively, Prolonged Rapidly, Frequency, Constant

Sensory Pathways A. Sensory Receptors: transduce the stimulus into _____ \_\_\_\_\_ (receptor potential) B. First Order Neurons: are the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons. They receive transduced signals and send the information to the \_\_\_\_\_. Their cell bodies are in _____ or spinal cord \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Electric Energy Primary Afferent, CNS DRG, Ganglia

Sensory Pathways C. Second Order Neurons: Located in the ______ \_\_\_\_\_ or _____ \_\_\_\_\_ Receive information from primary afferent neurons in _____ \_\_\_\_\_ and transmit it to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Axon of the second order neuron usually ______ the midline in a relay nucleus in the spinal cord before they ascend to the thalamus Sensory information on one side of the body ______ to the contralateral thalamus

## Footnote Spinal Cord, Brain Stem Relay Nuclei, Thalamus Crosses Ascends

Sensory Pathways D. Third Order Neurons: Located in the relay nuclei of the thalmus. From there, ______ sensory information ascends to the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ E. Fourth Order Neurons: Located in the appropriate sensory area of the cerebral cortex. The information received results in a ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the stimulus

## Footnote Encoded, Cerebral Cortex Conscious Perception

Two Pathways: Sensory Information A. ______ (posterior) column tract B. ________ tract, which includes the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ tract and the _______ (anterior) _______ tract \*\*Think: Sensory = _______ and Motor = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Dorsal Anterolateral, Lateral Spinothalamic, Ventral, Spinothalmic Ascending, Descending

## Footnote Almost all sensory information enters spinal cord through _____ \_\_\_\_\_ of spinal nerves There are two pathways for sensory afferents: ______ column tract and ________ system

## Footnote Dorsal Roots Dorsal, Anterolateral

Somatosensory Pathways The dorsal colum tract crosses the midline in the _____ \_\_\_\_\_, while the anterolateral system crosses the midline in the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ Dorsal column system is responsible for _____ touch, \_\_\_\_\_, and ________ (orientation of limbs/body parts in their normal position) An example of fine touch is ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ discrimination (tips of two pens together on fingertips

## Footnote Brain Stem, Spinal Cord Fine, Pressure, Proprioception 2- Point

Somatosensory Pathways Anterolateral system is responsbile for \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and _____ touch Examples of light touch: Placing _____ against hand, Pinching \_\_\_\_\_, _____ water Can have one type of sensation ______ the other because sensations may be carried by two different \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Pain, Temperature, Light QTip, Hand, Hot Without, Tracts

Dorsal (Posterior) Column System Consists of ______ and ______ (sensation from the leg down) Processes sensations of _____ touch (tactile localization) and two point discrimination, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_ Primary ______ neurons have cell bodies in the DRG. Their axon ascends _______ (same side) to the medulla

## Footnote Cuneatus, Gracilis Fine, Presssure, Proprioception, Vibration Afferent, Ipsilaterally

Dorsal (Posterior) Column System From medulla, the second order neurons _____ the midline and ascend to the contralateral \_\_\_\_\_\_, where they synapse on the ______ order neuron Third order neurons ascend to the _______ cortex, where they synapse on ______ order neurons

## Footnote Cross, Thalamus, Third Somatosensory, Fourth

Anterolateral System Processes sensation of _____ touch, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and ______ sensations Sensory fibers enter the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and terminate in the ______ \_\_\_\_\_ Second order neurons ______ the midline of spinal cord and ascend to the contralateral \_\_\_\_\_, where they synapse on _____ order neuron Third order neurons ascend to the _______ cortex, where they synapse on the _____ order neuron

## Footnote Light, Pain, Temperature, Tickling, Sexual Spinal Cord, Dorsal Horn Cross, Thalamus, Third Somatosensory, Fourth

Somatosensory Cortex The major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are ____ and \_\_\_\_ S1 has a _______ representation similar to that of the thalamus This "map" of body is called ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ The largest area represents the \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_, where precise localization is most important

## Footnote S1, S2 Somatotropic Sensory Homunculus Lips, Face, Hands, Fingers

Somatic Sensory Cortex Destruction of ______ area 1 results in: Loss of _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ability Inability to judge the degree of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Inability to determine the _____ of an object Inability to dtermine the _____ or _____ of objects via touch; this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Inability to judge \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Somatic Discrete Localization Pressure Weight Shape, Form, Astereognosis Texture

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents They block ______ transmission between motor nerve ending and the _______ receptors on the neuromuscular end plate of _____ muscle

## Footnote Cholinergic, Nicotinic, Skeletal

Non-depolarizing (competitive) Blockers \_\_\_\_ cannot attach to receptors and the channels cannot open, leading to ______ of muscle contraction Ex: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Reversal of blockade: _____ inhibitors, such as _______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which will increase level of ____ in the synaptic cleft Adverse effects of NMB: \_\_\_\_\_\_, decreased \_\_\_\_\_, and ________ (due to histamine release)

## Footnote Ach, Inhibition Tubocarine, Atracurium, Pancuronoium, Vecuronium AchE, Neodtigmine, Edrophonium, Ach Flushing, BP, Bronchoconstriction

Depolarizing Blockers \_\_\_\_\_ looks like Ach and acts like Ach to _____ the junction Succinylcholine cannot be destroyed by \_\_\_\_, so it remains at a high concentration in the synaptic cleft Causes depolarization by opening ___ channels, known as _____ \_\_. This produces twitching and ______ of muscle, followed by flaccid \_\_\_\_\_\_ The continuous depolarization gives way to gradual ______ as the ___ channels close

## Footnote Succ, Depolarize AchE Na+, Phase I, Fasciculation, Paralysis Repolarization, Na+

Depolarizing Blockers This causes resistance to \_\_\_\_\_\_, known as ______ \_\_, and a flaccid paralysis Succ is destroyed by _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Adverse effects may include: ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ if succ is used with Halothane, ______ release (leading to skin rash), _______ (dangerous in burns and tissue trauma) and \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Depolarization, Phase II Plasma Choline Esterase Malignant Hyperthermia, Histamine, Hyperkalemia, Apnea

Depolarizing NMB Phase I: Membrane depolarizes, resulting in an initial discharge that produces _____ \_\_\_\_\_, followed by flaccid \_\_\_\_\_\_ Phase II: Membrane repolarizes, but receptor is _____ and _____ to the effect of Ach

## Footnote Transient Fasciculations, Paralysis Desensitized, Unresponsive

Functional Brain Systems Networks of _____ working together and spanning wide areas of the brain The two systems are the _____ system and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Neurons Limbic, Reticular Formation

Limbic System Structures located on the medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon Parts especially important in emotion: \_\_\_\_\_: deals with anger, danger, and fear responses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_: plays a role in expressing emotions via _____ and resolving _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_

Amygdala Cingulate Gyrus, Gestures, Mental Conflict

Limbic System Puts emotional responses to _____ (skunks smelling bad) Responsible for "F" activities: \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Odors Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex

Reticular Activating System (RAS) Dorsal column tract is a _____ route, whereas RAS is an _____ route for sensory information Maintains ____ and ____ state RAS is ____ when sleeping Complete loss of RAS activity is \_\_\_\_\_ General anesthesia produces _____ and _____ by depressing RAS

## Footnote Direct, Indirect Alert, Awake Off Coma Sedation, Hypnosis

Thalamus Has some ability to discriminate ______ sensation Thalamus has important role in the perception of _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Information from different parts of the body is arranged \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Destruction of thalmic nuclei results in loss of sensation on the _______ side of the body

## Footnote Tactile Pain, Temperature Somatotopically Contralateral

Hypothalamus Located below the thalmus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the ____ ventricle Mamillary bodies are small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the ______ and act as the relay station for ______ pathways Infundibulum: stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the ______ gland and is the main _____ control center of the body

## Footnote Third Hypothalamus, Olfactory Pituitary, Visceral

Hypothalmic Nuclei Dorsomedial Nucleus: ____ tract stimulation Posterior Hypothalamus: Increased \_\_\_\_, Pupilary \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_ Perifornical Nucleus: \_\_\_\_\_, Increased \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_ Ventromedial Nucleus: \_\_\_\_\_, _______ control Mamillary body: ______ reflexes Arcurate Nucleus and Periventricular Zone: \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and ______ control

## Footnote GI BP, Dilation, Shivering Hunger, BP, Rage Satiety, Neuroendocrine Feeding Hunger, Satiety, Neuroendocrine

Hypothalmic Nuclei Lateral Hypothmalic Area: _____ and \_\_\_\_\_ Paraventricular Nucleus: ______ release, _____ conservation, \_\_\_\_\_\_ Medial Preoptic Area: ______ contraction, ______ HR, ______ BP Posterior Preoptic and Anterior Hypothalmic areas: ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ regulation, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and _____ inhibition Optic Chiasm: ______ nerve regulation

## Footnote Thirst, Hunger Oxytocin, Water, Satiety Bladder, Decreased, Decreased Body Temperature, Panting, Sweating, Thyrotropin Optic

Hypothalmic Nuclei Supraoptic Nucleus: ______ release Infundibulum

## Footnote Vasopressin

Landmark Dermatomes C2: _____ half of _____ "cap" C3: High _____ \_\_\_\_\_ shirt C4: ____ \_\_\_\_\_ shirts T4: at the \_\_\_\_\_\_ T7: at the ______ process T10: At the ______ (belly button)

## Footnote Posterior, Skull Turtle Neck Low Collar Nipple Xiphoid Umbilicus

Landmark Dermatomes L1: at the _____ region L4: Includes the \_\_\_\_\_\_ S2, S3, S4: _____ and sensation of the _____ and _____ area

## Footnote Inguinal Kneecaps Erection, Penile, Anal

Pain Associated with the detection and perception of _____ stimuli (\_\_\_\_\_\_) The receptors for pain are _____ \_\_\_\_\_ endings in the skin, muscle, and viscera Neurotransmitters for nociceptors include ______ \_\_. Inhibition of the release of Substance P is the basis of pain relief by \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Noxious, Nociceptors Free Nerve Substance P, Opioids

Pain Fibers for fast pain and slow pain Fast Pain: Carried by ___ through ___ fibers. It has a ____ onset and offset, and is well \_\_\_\_\_\_ Slow Pain: Carried by ___ fibers. Characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, or ______ that is poorly localized

Alpha-Delta, Rapid, Localized C, Aching, Burning, Throbbing

Pain Referred Pain Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows the _______ rule These sites are _______ by nerve that arises from the _____ segment of the spinal cord Example: ______ heart pain is referred to the chest and shoulder

Dermatome Innervated, Same Ischemic

Referred Pain Pain stimuli arising from the _____ are perceived as ______ in origin This may be due to the fact that visceral pain afferents travel along the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as somatic pain fibers

## Footnote Viscera, Somatic Same Pathways

Abnormalities of Pain Hyperalgesia: increased _____ of pain receptors Allodynia: pain due to ______ that normally does not provoke pain Thalmic Syndrome: destruction of _____ \_\_\_\_\_ Herpes Zoster (Shingles): second stage of _____ \_\_\_\_; reactivation of herpes zoster infection that are ______ in DRG. Causes extremely painful bands of \_\_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Sensitivity Stimulus Thalmic Nuclei Chicken Pox, Dorman Vesicles

Abnormalities of Pain Tic Douloureux: severe ____ pain in the ______ nerve area Involves cranial nerves ___ and \_\_\_

## Footnote Facial, Trigeminal V and IX

Headaches Non-neurological causes: _____ infection, \_\_\_\_\_, _____ infection, \_\_\_\_, ______ spine problems of C1 and C2 Potential fatal causes: ______ mass, _______ hemorrhage (worst headache of my life) Migraine Headache: ____ in classical type Cluster Headache: Give ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Tension Headache

## Footnote Sinus, Glaucoma, Oral, TMJ, Cervical Intracranial, Subarachnoid Aura 100% Oxygen

Headache Hangover: caused by ______ of the _____ from alcohol breakdown prodcuts and additives Eye Strain: Excessive _______ of _____ muscles to focus

## Footnote Irritation, Meninges Contraction, Ciliary

Raynaud's Phenomenon Pallor of distal fingers, resulting from closure of digital \_\_\_\_\_. Shows as ______ of finger tips Similar to Raynaud's disease, but is always ______ to an underlying disorder (Ex: Lupus) Treatment: Sympathectomy

## Footnote Arteries, Cyanosis Secondary

Raynaud's Disease Recurrent ______ after cold exposure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ color response (white, blue, red) Commonly occurs in _____ women

## Footnote Vasospasm Triphasic Younger

Visceral Pain (Nerve related pain) Name 4?

## Footnote Ischemia Chemical Irritation Spasm of Hollow Viscous Over-distention of hollow viscous

Nervous System (2/4) Flashcards

(80 cards)