Nervous System Flashcards
(135 cards)
0
Q
Central nervous system (CNS)
A
Is the control center for the entire nervous system and consists of the brain and spinal cord.
1
Q
The nervous system
A
One of the body’s principal control and integrating centers. The other is the endocrine system. In humans, the nervous system serves three broad functions: sensory, integrative and motor.
2
Q
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
All nerve tissue outside of those structures.
3
Q
Cells
A
Two types of cells found in the nervous system Neurons neuroglia.
4
Q
Neurons
A
Highly specialized cells for nerve impulse condition.
5
Q
Afferent (sensory)
A
Neurons carry impulses from peripheral sense receptors to the CNS.
6
Q
Efferent (motor)
A
Neurons carry impulses from CNS effector organs such as muscles and glands.
7
Q
Interneurons
A
Located entirely within the CNS, in which they form the connecting link between the afferent and efferent neurons.
8
Q
Types of neurons
A
Afferent, efferent, and interneurons
9
Q
Myelin
A
Sheath formed from the plasma membranes or specialized glial cells known as Schwann cells.
10
Q
Schwann cells
A
Serve a supportive and nutritive role.
11
Q
Node of Ranvier
A
Gaps between Schwann cells.
12
Q
Neuroglia (glial cells)
A
Connective tissue cells that do not conduct nerve impulses, but instead, they support, nourish, and protect the neurons.
13
Q
Nerve
A
A cordlike structure consisting of a collection of nerve fibers (neurons) that convey impulses.
14
Q
Spinal cord
A
A cylindrical bundle of nerves that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly.
15
Q
Meninges
A
The three layers are the pia matar, arachnid matar, and the dura matar.
16
Q
Pia matar
A
The innermost layer.
17
Q
Arachnoid layer
A
A spider web like appearance.
18
Q
Dura matar
A
The thicker, tougher outermost layer of the meninges
19
Q
Afferent system
A
Consists of nerve cells that covey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the central nervous system (CNS).
20
Q
Afferent (sensory) neurons
A
Are the first cells to pick up incoming information.
21
Q
Efferent system
A
Consists of nerve cells that convey information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
22
Q
Efferent (motor) neurons
A
Nerve cells within the efferent system.
23
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
Consists of efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle tissue. It is under conscious control and is therefore considered voluntary.
24
Autonomic nervous system
Contains efferent neurons that convey impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and glands.
25
Sympathetic nervous system (fight & flight)
1. Stimulates heartbeat
2. Dilates the pupils
3. Dilates the trachea and bronchi (breathing tube)
4. Stimulates the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose
5. Shunts blood away from the skin and viscera to the skeletal muscles, brain, and heart
6. Inhabits peristalsis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
7. Inhabits contraction of the bladder and rectum
26
Parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest)
1. Slowing down of the heartbeat
2. Lowering of blood pressure
3. Constriction of the pupils
4. Increase blood flow to the skin and viscera
5. Peristalsis of the GI tract
27
Cranial nerves
There are 12 pairs
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Spinal nerves
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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Plexus
Network on either side of the body created by the grouping of adjacent nerves.
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Cervical plexus
First four cervical nerves (C1-C4) with contributions from C5.
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Brachial plexus
Formed by spinal nerves C1-C8 and T1.
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Lumbar plexus
Spinal nerves L1-L4.
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Sacral plexus
Spinal nerves L4,L5, and S1-S4
34
Sciatic nerve
The largest nerve arising from the sacral plexus and the largest nerve in the body.
35
Thoracic nevers
Spinal nerve T2-T11.
36
Amines
Derived from one or two amino acids
| Ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone.
37
Proteins and peptides
Consists of three or more amino acids.
| Ex: all pituitary hormones and insulin.
38
Steroids
Derived from cholesterol.
| Ex: estrogen and testosterone.
39
Exocrine glands
Secrete their products through ducts.
40
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that secrete hormones.
41
Pituitary glands (master glands)
Releases several hormones, some which control the release of other hormones.
42
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system producing the fight or flight response.
43
Norepinephrine
Along with epinephrine it stimulates the fight or flight response; plays a role in attention and focus; also serves as a neurotransmitter.
44
Cardiovascular system
Made up of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
45
The heart
An efficient pump, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.
46
Pericardium
A sac which serves to protect the heart and anchor it to the surrounding tissue.
47
Blood
Highly specialized connective tissue consisting of cells in a fluid medium.
48
Blood is composed of two portions
```
Formed elements (cells and cell-like structures)
Plasma (liquid containing dissolved substances)
```
49
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
50
Leukocyte (white blood cells)
They fight infection.
51
Thrombocytes (cell fragments)
Play a role in clotting.
52
Plasma
The straw colored liquid portion of the blood.
53
Interstitial fluid
When certain constituents of plasma move out of the blood through the capillary walls; it bathes the cells.
54
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues.
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Arterioles
Smaller arteries.
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Capillaries
Microscopic vessels where two-way transport between the blood and the tissues takes place.
57
Veins
Thinner walled vessels that carry de-oxygenated and waste laden blood from the capillaries back to the heart.
58
Venules
Small veins formed by groups of capillaries.
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Three layers of the walls in the veins and arteries
Tunica adventita
Tunica media
Tunica intima
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Tunica adventita
Outer layer composed of connective tissue with collegen and elastic fibers allowing the walls to stretch.
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Tunica media
The middle layer composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
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Tunica intima
Inner layer is composed of endothelium.
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Signs and symptoms of inflammation
Redness, heat, pain, and swelling (rubor, calor, dolor, tumor).
64
Lymphatic system
A network of vessels and tissue through which fluids can flow from the interstitial spaces into the blood.
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Lymph nodes
Trap and filter foreign particles.
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Peristalsis
Rhythmic wave-like movement of the vessels, valves and action of skeletal muscles.
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Lymphatic vessels
Drain, from tissue spaces, protein containing fluid that escapes from blood capillaries.
68
Urinary system
Regulates the volume and composition of fluids in the body and removes waste products and excess fluid.
69
Kidneys
Bean shaped organs about the size of a fist.
70
Nephrons
Functional unit of the kidneys.
71
Bladder
Stores the urine.
72
Respiratory system
Gas exchange.
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Nose
Slightly warms, humidifies, and filters the air before it enters the respiratory tract.
74
Pharynx
A tube that serves as part of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
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Larynx
The voice box, contains a the vocal cords and the epiglottis, fold of connective tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.
76
Trachea
A tube extending from the larynx to the main brochi, formed from cartilaginous rings.
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Bronchi
The trachea separates into two main branches known as bronchi that conduct air into each lung.
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Lungs
Two organs responsible for gas exchange.
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Respiration
Overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells.
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External respiration
The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood.
81
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood and cells.
82
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity and extending from the mouth to the anus.
83
Accessory structures
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
84
Amines
Derived from one or two amino acids
| Ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone.
85
Proteins and peptides
Consists of three or more amino acids.
| Ex: all pituitary hormones and insulin.
86
Steroids
Derived from cholesterol.
| Ex: estrogen and testosterone.
87
Exocrine glands
Secrete their products through ducts.
88
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that secrete hormones.
89
Pituitary glands (master glands)
Releases several hormones, some which control the release of other hormones.
90
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system producing the fight or flight response.
91
Norepinephrine
Along with epinephrine it stimulates the fight or flight response; plays a role in attention and focus; also serves as a neurotransmitter.
92
Cardiovascular system
Made up of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
93
The heart
An efficient pump, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.
94
Pericardium
A sac which serves to protect the heart and anchor it to the surrounding tissue.
95
Blood
Highly specialized connective tissue consisting of cells in a fluid medium.
96
Blood is composed of two portions
```
Formed elements (cells and cell-like structures)
Plasma (liquid containing dissolved substances)
```
97
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
98
Leukocyte (white blood cells)
They fight infection.
99
Thrombocytes (cell fragments)
Play a role in clotting.
100
Plasma
The straw colored liquid portion of the blood.
101
Interstitial fluid
When certain constituents of plasma move out of the blood through the capillary walls; it bathes the cells.
102
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues.
103
Arterioles
Smaller arteries.
104
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels where two-way transport between the blood and the tissues takes place.
105
Veins
Thinner walled vessels that carry de-oxygenated and waste laden blood from the capillaries back to the heart.
106
Venules
Small veins formed by groups of capillaries.
107
Three layers of the walls in the veins and arteries
Tunica adventita
Tunica media
Tunica intima
108
Tunica adventita
Outer layer composed of connective tissue with collegen and elastic fibers allowing the walls to stretch.
109
Tunica media
The middle layer composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
110
Tunica intima
Inner layer is composed of endothelium.
111
Signs and symptoms of inflammation
Redness, heat, pain, and swelling (rubor, calor, dolor, tumor).
112
Lymphatic system
A network of vessels and tissue through which fluids can flow from the interstitial spaces into the blood.
113
Lymph nodes
Trap and filter foreign particles.
114
Peristalsis
Rhythmic wave-like movement of the vessels, valves and action of skeletal muscles.
115
Lymphatic vessels
Drain, from tissue spaces, protein containing fluid that escapes from blood capillaries.
116
Urinary system
Regulates the volume and composition of fluids in the body and removes waste products and excess fluid.
117
Kidneys
Bean shaped organs about the size of a fist.
118
Nephrons
Functional unit of the kidneys.
119
Bladder
Stores the urine.
120
Respiratory system
Gas exchange.
121
Nose
Slightly warms, humidifies, and filters the air before it enters the respiratory tract.
122
Pharynx
A tube that serves as part of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
123
Larynx
The voice box, contains a the vocal cords and the epiglottis, fold of connective tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.
124
Trachea
A tube extending from the larynx to the main brochi, formed from cartilaginous rings.
125
Bronchi
The trachea separates into two main branches known as bronchi that conduct air into each lung.
126
Lungs
Two organs responsible for gas exchange.
127
Respiration
Overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells.
128
External respiration
The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood.
129
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood and cells.
130
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity and extending from the mouth to the anus.
131
Accessory structures
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
132
Esophagus
A muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach.
133
Stomach
A bean shaped hollow organ that communicates with the esophagus and the small intestine.
134
Small intestine
A long convoluted tube that runs from the stomach to the large intestine.
