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Pre-DC - A&P I > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

sensory input

A

gathered information from stimuli

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2
Q

integration

A

processing and interpreting sensory input

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3
Q

motor output

A

active response to stimuli

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4
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

PNS

A

outside CNS

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6
Q

functional subdivisions of PNS

A

sensory (afferent)

motor (efferent)

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7
Q

sensory

A

to CNS

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8
Q

motor

A

from CNS

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9
Q

somatic NS

A

from CNS to muscles

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10
Q

autonomic NS

A

from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

neuron parts

A

cell body
axon
dendrite

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12
Q

soma

A

cell body

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13
Q

neurofibrils

A

extend into fibers for support

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14
Q

nissl bodies

A

rough ER with ribosomes

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15
Q

dendrite

A

branched, receptive surface

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16
Q

axon

A

slender, cylindrical, smooth with uniform diameter conducts away from cell body

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17
Q

collaterals

A

branches of axon

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18
Q

telodendria

A

fine extensions of axon which terminate close to other receptive surfaces

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19
Q

axonal transport

A

impulses that cause biochemical production

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS only; neuroglia sheaths surrounding axons

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21
Q

myelin

A

tightly wound membranes composed of lipoprotein

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22
Q

neurilemma sheath

A

surrounds myelin sheath containing the nuclease and most of the cytoplasm

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23
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths in Schwann cells

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24
Q

white matter

A

groups of myelinated fibers

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25
gray matter
groups of unmyelinated fibers
26
unipolar
single nerve fiber that branches into axon and dendrite
27
bipolar
two nerve fibers, one axon, one dendrite
28
multipolar
one axon, many dendrites
29
sensory neurons
carry impulses to CNS; unipolar or bipolar
30
interneurons
within CNS, multipolar; built-in filter
31
motor neurons
carry impulses from CNS; multipolar
32
neuroglia
provide scaffolding
33
CNS neuroglia
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma
34
PNS neuroglia
Schwann cells
35
astrocytes
star shaped, between neurons and blood vessels; provide support and hold structures together; blood brain barrier; metabolism of glucose, K+ concentration
36
oligodendrocytes
from myelin within CNS; numerous cellular processes; one may provide myelin for many axons
37
microglia
phagocyte
38
ependyma
cuboidal or columnar in shape with cilia; inner lining producing CSF
39
resting potential
inside cell is negative, outside is positive; -70mV
40
potential difference
difference between 2 points
41
hyperpolarization
more negative than normal
42
depolarization
more positive
43
graded potential
nerve impulses that increase in frequency
44
threshold potential
point at which active potential is activated; -55mV
45
summation
additive effect of all dendrite stimulation
46
action potential
threshold potential reached; sodium rushes in and causes depolarization; +30mV
47
nerve impulse
wave of action potentials moving down the membrane
48
refractory period
threshold stimulus will not trigger another impulse after the initial one
49
absolute refractory period
change in sodium permeability and cannot be stimulated
50
relative refractory period
reestablishment of resting potential, strong enough impulse may trigger response
51
saltatory conduction
nerve impulses traveling along myelinated fibers jumping the nodes of Ranvier; faster than unmyelinated fiber
52
all or none phenomenon
impulse either triggers response or doesn't; impulses all carry same strength, but my vary in frequency.
53
calcium ion function
close sodium channels during action potential; deficiency causes continuous impulse transmission.
54
potassium ion function
increase in extracellular, action potential easily reached; decrease in extracellular, action potentials hard to reach
55
anesthetic drugs
decrease sodium membrane permeability
56
synapse
nerve impulse passageway from neuron to neuron
57
synaptic cleft
presynaptic and post synaptic neurons around the synapse gap
58
synaptic transmission
process in which impulse in presynaptic neuron signals postsynaptic neuron
59
synaptic knobs
located in axons at presynaptic terminals; impulses trigger neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles
60
chemical synapse transfer
1. calcium gates open in presynaptic axon terminal; impulse triggers depolarization opening calcium and sodium channels releasing calcium into the terminal 2. neurotransmitter is released by by exocytosis into synaptic cleft due to calcium fusing to axonal membrane 3. neurotransmitter binds reversibly to protein receptors on postsynaptic membrane 4. postsynaptic neuron excited or inhibited depending on type of receptor neurotransmitter binds to
61
synaptic delay
rate-limiting step of neural transmission
62
acetylcholine
first identified; released at neuromuscular junctions; released, binds briefly, then released and degraded
63
biogenic amines
catecholamines and indolamines; behavior and emotional regulation
64
catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
65
indolamines
serotonin, histamine
66
amino acids
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, aspartate, glutamate; only in CNS
67
peptides
neuropeptides like substance P mediate pain signals; endorphins and enkephalins act as natural opiates or euphorias
68
neuronal pools
groups of neurons within CNS
69
convergence
fibers originating from different parts of the NS leadings to the same neuron
70
divergence
impulse originating from a single neuron in the CNS bay be amplified so enough can reach motor units

Pre-DC - A&P I (4 decks)

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