Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system includes:

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system includes:

A

Afferent: sensory
Efferent: motor
Somatic: voluntary
Autonomic: involuntary

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3
Q

There are the functional cells of the nervous system that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons

A

Neurons

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4
Q

These are supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facilitate rapid conduction of an action potential.

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

The ionic changes that allow conduction of information along the length of the axon.

A

Action potential

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6
Q

The process by which a neuron conveys information along the length of the axon.

A

Synaptic transmission

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7
Q

The 4 main regions of the brain:

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
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8
Q

A cerebral hemisphere that contains the primary motor cortex important for precise movement of hands and feet and phonation (speech). Also contains the premotor or motor association cortex involves in the planning of complex learned movement patterns.

A

Frontal lobe

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9
Q

This cerebral hemisphere contains the primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association cortex necessary for perceiving the meaningfulness of integrated sensory inputs.

A

Parietal lobe

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10
Q

This cerebral hemisphere contains the primary auditory cortex important for the discrimination of sounds entering opposite ears. Memory associated with certain sound patterns occur here as well as long term memory and recall are associated with this region.

A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

This cerebral hemisphere contains the primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex to interpret the meaning of visual experiences.

A

Occipital lobe

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12
Q

This is contained within the cerebrum and is involved in governing emotional experiences and controlling emotion-related behavior.

A

Limbic system

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13
Q

This is superior to the brain stem and is enclosed by cerebral hemispheres. It contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

This provides a relay station for info to and from the cerebral cortex. It relays sensory information to the sensory cortex and critical info regarding motor activities to and from regions of the motor cortex.

A

Thalamus

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15
Q

This is the master gland that controls most homeostatic processes in the body. It regulates water balance, the hunger-satiety cycle, water balance, overall metabolism, and body temp. It controls the autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

The brain stem includes these 2 structures that regulate basic and essential functions:

A
  1. Pons

2. Medulla

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17
Q

This projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and contains 2 hemispheres: the outer region composed of gray matter and the inner region composed of white matter

A

Cerebellum

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18
Q

This governs skeletal muscle activity, it is particularly important for control of rapid movements including running, typing, and talking. It plays an important role in controlling our balance and equilibrium.

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

The CNS is protected by:

A

Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, the blood brain barrier

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20
Q

3 connective tissue membranes that protect the CNS structures.

A

Meninges

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21
Q

The meninges are separated into these 3 types:

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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22
Q

This meninges is a double layer membrane surrounding the brain.

A

Dura mater

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23
Q

This layer of the dura mater that is attached to the inner skull surface

A

Periosteal layer

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24
Q

This layer of the dura mater is the outermost covering and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord.

A

Meningeal layer

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25
This meninges is threadlike extensions that span the subarachnoid space (filled with CSF). It attaches to the inner most membrane the pia mater.
Arachnoid mater
26
This meninges clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
Pia mater
27
The four ventricles containing CSF:
1-2: 2 lateral ventricles 3: 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon 4. 4th ventricle connecting the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord
28
This is formed from blood by the choroid plexus, a set of capillary clusters originating from the pia mater that are found in each ventricle.
CSF
29
This is a continuation of the brain stem and extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the level of L1 or L2.
The spinal cord
30
This is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord.
Cauda equina
31
These are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli, may occur at the level of the spinal cord.
Reflexes
32
This is stimulated by painful stimuli to cause limb removal from stimulus, often accompanied by activation of muscles on the alternating side to prepare for a shift in weight distribution.
Flexor-withdrawal response
33
These control the position of the body in space or proprioception.
Myotatic or stretch reflexes.
34
This surrounds the central canal that contains the CSF.
Gray matter
35
These contain interneurons.
Dorsal or posterior horns
36
These contain cell bodies of motor neurons.
Ventral or anterior horns
37
The white matter represents the myelinated fibers or tracts and are divided into these 3 regions:
1. Posterior 2. Lateral 3. Anterior
38
This is a state of awareness and orientation to surroundings, and the ability to respond to stimuli.
Consciousness
39
Consciousness is determined by this.
Reticular activating system
40
These are forms of TBIs that may be reversible or self-resolving depending upon the severity of the injury.
Concussions and contusions
41
This is caused by sudden movement of brain as during a sports injury, car accident, or fall. It’s the most common form of TBI that is diffuse but transient and reversible.
Concussion
42
This is bruising of the brain tissue associated with small petechial hemorrhages that leak into brain tissue. Associated with blunt trauma in closed head injuries that are partially reversible, depending on severity.
Cerebral contusion
43
Head injury and subsequent damage to brain, possibly cranial nerves as well.
TBIs
44
Focal injury involving collection of blood in or around the brain, often caused by hemorrhage.
Hematoma
45
Refers to structural damage at the moment of trauma to neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels.
Primary brain injury
46
Occurs as body responds to primary injury. Includes changes to blood flow (ischemia and hypoxia). Also includes edema and subsequent intracranial pressure which can lead to brain death or herniation.
Secondary brain injury
47
A type of secondary injury that results from an accumulation of fluids and causes include damage to BBB or swelling of brain cells due to inadequate waste removal.
Cerebral edema
48
Type of secondary injury that results from fluid accumulation due to inflammatory or edematous processes. Resultant reduction in tissue perfusion can lead to hypoxia and neural death.
ICP
49
Type of hemorrhage that is an arterial bleed (middle menigeal artery) into extraditable space between skull and outermost brain layer.
Epidural
50
Type of hemorrhage that is the most common meningeal hemorrhage where blood accumulates between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.
Subdural
51
Type of hemorrhage that results from disruption of the cerebral vessels with the brain parenchyma, resulting in neuro deficits. Commonly found in frontal and temporal lobes.
Intracerebral
52
Cerebrovascular brain injury and neuro dysfunction caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain and include disorders of cerebral vessels, TIAs, and stroke. Caused by HTN and hyperlipidemia.
CVD
53
Neurological events due to ischemia that are short lived and resolve completely. May be recurrent and precede strokes.
TIAs
54
Sudden focal neurological deficit from a vascular disorder.
Stroke
55
Refers to localized dilation in a blood vessel wall that can rupture and lead to hemorrhage.
Aneurysm
56
Infection and inflammation of the brain tissue or spinal cord caused by viruses.
Encephalitis
57
Infection of the meninges that are caused by bacterial infections or viruses.
Meningitis
58
Degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by movement disorder. Caused by death of dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. Disruption of basal ganglia signals lead to hyper and hypokinetic disorders. Cause of cell death is not known but is characterized by Lewy bodies.
Parkinson’s disease
59
Disorders involving neurons fully contained in the CNS that arise from the motor areas of the cortex and descend the spinal cord.
Upper motor neuron disorders
60
Examples of UMN disorders:
MS, spinal cord injury, ALS
61
Caused by an autoimmune attack on myelin of CNS neurons that causes formation of plaques and destruction of myelin.
MS
62
A condition characterized by loss of motor neurons. It is a progressive weakness and muscle wasting, with death usually within 5 years of diagnosis.
ALS
63
This division of the PNS detects, transmits, and processes environmental info from internal and external sources through a variety of specific receptors.
Afferent (sensory)
64
An afferent neuron and all of the receptors that send info along it.
Sensory unit
65
The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve transmitting to a dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord segment.
Dermatome
66
An area (on the body surface) that sends info along a single afferent neuron.
Receptive field
67
These enter the spinal cord or brain and synapses on an interneuron.
Afferent neurons
68
Ascend the dorsal columns. I’m
Myelinated fibers
69
2 types of myelinated fibers:
1. Fast myelinated- touch, proprioception, pressure | 2. Slow myelinated- touch, temp, fast pain
70
Ascend anterolateral system for slow pain, hot and cold, itch
Unmyelinated fibers
71
Voluntary and involuntary movement are initiated by this division of the PNS.
Efferent (motor)
72
The motor division has these 2 systems:
1. Somatic- skeletal muscle | 2. Autonomic- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
73
These tracts originate in the sensorimotor cortex of the cerebral cortex, descend through the basal ganglia and brain stem, and cross or remain uncrossed at the medulla from where they descend the spinal cord. Diseases of these tracts (strokes) are characterized by spasticity and paralysis.
Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
74
These tracts include the remaining tracts that do not transverse the pyramid in the brain stem. Diseases of these tracts (Parkinson’s) result in involuntary movements, muscle rigidity, and immobility without paralysis.
Extrapyrimidal (noncorticospinal) tracts
75
Is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with an actual or potential tissue damage.
Pain
76
If pain is somatogenic (known physiologic cause) it may be referred to as:
Nociceptive or neuropathic
77
Type of pain that is cutaneous, deep somatic, or visceral
Nociceptive
78
Type of pain that originated from within an altered nervous system
Neuropathic
79
A form of spinal cord injury involving a partial (hemi) transection of the anterior and posterior spinal cord that can result in compromise to PNS function and responses.
Brown-sequard syndrome
80
An acute polyneuropathy that affects the PNS. Condition characterized by ascending paralysis, weakness in the extremities migrating toward the trunk, altered sensations, pain, and dysfunction of the ANS.
Gillian-Barre syndrome