Nervous system Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
- The term central nervous system refers to the:
A) brain and spinal cord.
B) brain and cranial nerves.
C) spinal cord and spinal nerves.
D) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves.
E) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems.
A
A) brain and spinal cord.
2
Q
1. Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are: A) motor. B) interneurons. C) visceral sensory. D) somatic sensory. E) parasympathetic.
A
somatic sensory
3
Q
1. Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system: A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) ependymal cells. D) nodes of Ranvier. E) oligodendrocytes.
A
Oligodendrocytes
4
Q
1. The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the: A) axon. B) nucleus. C) cell body. D) dendrites. E) nodes of Ranvier.
A
axon.
5
Q
1. The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called: A) axons. B) dendrites. C) satellite cells. D) neurolemmas. E) Schwann cells.
A
Dendrites
6
Q
1. Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called: A) tracts. B) nuclei. C) nerves D) ganglia. E) tracts or ganglia.
A
Ganglia
7
Q
- The major role of the interneuron is to:
A) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways.
B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons.
C) detect the amount of stretch in skeletal muscles or tendons and their joints.
D) carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and/or the viscera.
E) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system.
A
connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways.
8
Q
1. Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons, are structurally classified as: A) bipolar. B) unipolar. C) afferent. D) efferent. E) multipolar.
A
E) multipolar.
9
Q
1. The two major functional properties of neurons are: A) connect and protect. B) lubricate and secrete. C) irritability and conductivity. D) contraction and movements. E) cover and line body surfaces.
A
irritability and conductivity.
10
Q
10 White matter refers to myelinated fibers in the: A) CNS. B) PNS. C) ANS. D) SNS. E) both ANS and SNS.
A
CNS.
11
Q
11. Bipolar neurons are commonly: A) motor neurons. B) called neuroglia. C) found in ganglia. D) found in the eye and nose. E) more abundant in adults than in children.
A
A) found in the eye and nose.
12
Q
11. Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are: A) motor. B) sensory. C) cerebral. D) myelinated. E) unmyelinated.
A
D) myelinated.
13
Q
- During the resting state, a neuron is:
A) propagating the action potential.
B) depolarizing and generating an action potential.
C) repolarizing as potassium ions diffuse out of the cell.
D) restoring the ionic conditions utilizing the sodium-potassium pump.
E) polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell.
A
A) polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell.
14
Q
11. Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid: A) sodium. B) calcium. C) chloride. D) potassium. E) magnesium.
A
potassium.
15
Q
.
15 An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell: A) sodium B) calcium C) potassium. D) magnesium. E) both potassium and sodium.
A
A) sodium
16
Q
16. Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called: A) threshold. B) graded potential. C) saltatory conduction. D) all-or-none response. E) sodium-potassium pump.
A
Saltatory conduction
17
Q
16. The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience: A) repolarization. B) depolarization. C) a nerve impulse. D) an action potential. E) a graded potential.
A
repolarization
18
Q
16. Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next: A) sodium. B) calcium. C) chlorine. D) potassium. E) magnesium.
A
B) calcium.
19
Q
16. The gap between two communicating neurons is termed: A) effector. B) cell body. C) synaptic cleft. D) Schwann cell. E) node of Ranvier.
A
A) synaptic cleft.
20
Q
The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called: A) an ion. B) nerve glue. C) a neurotransmitter. D) an action potential. E) the sodium-potassium pump.
A
a neurotransmitter
21
Q
- Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc:
A) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor.
B) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector.
C) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor.
D) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector.
E) receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, integration center, effector.
A
E) receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, integration center, effector.
22
Q
16. Muscles and glands are: A) effectors. B) receptors C) myelinated. D) part of the central nervous system. E) part of the peripheral nervous system.
A
Effectors
23
Q
16. Which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles: A) visceral. B) somatic. C) autonomic D) sympathetic. E) parasympathetic.
A
B) somatic.
24
Q
16. The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as while the shallow grooves are termed . A) sulci; gyri. B) gyri; sulci. C) ganglia; gyri. D) tracts; ganglia. E) receptors; effectors.
A
A) gyri; sulci.
25
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16. A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged:
A) frontal lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) occipital lobe.
D) temporal lobe.
E) pyramidal tract.
```
Frontal Lobe
26
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16. Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the:
A) gyrus.
B) Broca's area.
C) central sulcus.
D) longitudinal fissure.
E) primary motor area.
```
Broca's area
27
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16. The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
A) brain stem.
B) cerebellum.
C) pineal gland.
D) diencephalon.
E) hypothalamus.
```
Brain stem
28
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16. Which lobe contains the primary motor area and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements:
A) frontal lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) occipital lobe.
D) temporal lobe.
E) diencephalon.
```
frontal lobe.
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16. The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the:
A) midbrain.
B) thalamus.
C) pineal gland.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
```
D) hypothalamus.
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16. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except:
A) fourth ventricle.
B) corpus callosum.
C) lateral ventricles.
D) cerebral aqueduct.
E) subarachnoid space.
```
Corpus Callosum
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16. The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the:
A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) pineal gland.
D) limbic system.
E) reticular activating system (RAS).
```
Reticular Activation Lobe
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16. Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:
A) cerebrum.
B) thalamus.
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus
E) medulla oblongata.
```
D) hypothalamus
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16. The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the:
A) pons
B) midbrain
C) cerebrum
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
```
Medulla oblongata
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16. Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the:
A) midbrain.
B) thalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) hypothalamus.
```
Cerebellum
35
16. Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges:
A) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater.
B) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater.
C) arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater.
D) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater.
E) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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16. The dura mater located in the fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum is:
A) falx cerebri
B) falx cerebelli.
C) corpus callosum.
D) tentorium cerebelli
E) longitudinal fissure
```
Tentorium cerebelli
37
16. The cerebrospinal fluid:
A) is secreted by the arachnoid villi.
B) is identical in composition to whole blood.
C) is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses.
D) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles.
E) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space.
A) is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses.
38
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16. The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of:
A) water.
B) alcohol.
C) anaesthetics.
D). nutrients such as glucose.
E) metabolic waste such as urea.
```
Metabolic waste such as urea
39
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16. Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke:
A) aphasia.
B) cerebral oedema.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
F) Parkinson's disease.
E) cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
```
E) cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
40
16. The grey matter of the spinal cord:
A) surrounds the central canal.
B) contains myelinated fiber tracts.
C) surrounds the white matter of the spinal cord.
D) always carries sensory information to the brain.
E) is made up of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns.
Surrounds the central canal
41
16. Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in:
A) the thalamus
B) the hypothalamus
C) sympathetic ganglia
D) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
E) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
The dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
42
16. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior:
A) thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves.
B) cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves.
C) thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves.
D) cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves.
cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
Cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
43
16. Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer:
A) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium.
B) epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.
C) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium. .
D) perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium.
E) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium.
Epineurium, endoneurium perineurium
44
```
.
16. The function of the olfactory nerve concerns:
A) smell.
B) vision.
C) hearing.
D) chewing.
E) eye movement.
```
Smell
45
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16. The nerve that contains sensory fibers that are involved in hearing is:
A) cranial nerve II
B) cranial nerve III
C) cranial nerve V
D) cranial nerve VIII
E) cranial nerve IX
```
Cranial nerve VIII
46
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16. Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the:
A) sacral plexus.
B) lumbar plexus.
C) femoral plexus.
D) thoracic plexus.
E) obturator plexus.
```
Sacral plexus
47
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16. Damage to this nerve results in "wristdrop," the inability to extend the hand at the wrist:
A) radial.
B) axillary.
C) phrenic.
D) femoral.
E) obturator.
```
A) radial.
48
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16. Which nervous system subdivision is a chain of two motor neurons consisting of a preganglion and a postganglionic neuron:
A) central.
B) somatic.
C) sensory.
D) visceral.
E) autonomic.
```
Autonomic
49
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.
16. Which of the nerve plexuses serves the shoulder and arm:
A) sacral.
B) lumbar.
C) phrenic.
D) cervical.
E) brachial.
```
Brachial
50
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16. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves:
A) femoral and tibial nerves.
B) pudendal and tibial nerves.
C) pudendal and femoral nerves.
D) common fibular and tibial nerves.
E) pudendal and common peroneal nerves.
```
Common fibular and tibial nerves
51
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16. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the:
A) central nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) voluntary nervous system.
D) peripheral nervous system.
E) autonomic nervous system.
```
Autonomic nervous system
52
16. In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system:
A) has two motor neurons.
B) has two afferent neurons.
C) stimulates its effector cells.
D) has both afferent and efferent fibers.
E) has centers in the brain and spinal cord.
Has two motor neurons
53
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16. Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system:
A) most glands.
B) smooth muscle.
C) cardiac muscle.
D) skeletal muscle.
E) abdominal organs.
```
skeletal muscle.
| .
54
```
.
55 Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the:
A) cerebrum.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) afferent nervous system.
D) sympathetic nervous system.
E) parasympathetic nervous system.
```
Sympathetic nervous system
55
56. Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system:
A) decreases heart rate.
B) decreases urine output.
C) increases metabolic rate.
D) decreases activity of the digestive system.
E) stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration.
Decrease heart rate
56
```
56. The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the:
A) motor division.
B) sensory division.
C) central nervous system.
D) autonomic nervous system.
E) parasympathetic nervous system.
```
Parasympathetic nervous system
57
56. Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the:
A) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine.
B) craniosacral region, and the preganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine.
C) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine.
D) craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine.
E) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine.
Thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete secrete norepinephrine
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56. Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system operates using the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine:
A) central.
B) somatic.
C) peripheral.
D) sympathetic.
parasympathetic
```
Sympathetic nervous system
59
56. Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate:
A) the brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life.
B) increased efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system enhances the ability to learn.
C) synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35.
D) learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation.
E) despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life.
Despite the neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore additional learning can occur throughout life
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1. The sensory division of the nervous system is further subdivided into the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
F
61
1. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths in the PNS
F
62
Dendrites release neurotransmitters into the extracelluar space during nerve impulse transmissions.
F
63
Cell bodies of sensory neurons as always located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system/.
T
64
A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.
F
65
Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system.
T
66
Bipolar neurons are rare in adults.
T
67
1. The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
T
68
Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.
T
69
1. The withdrawal, or flexor, reflex is one of the only voluntary reflexes. Answer:
F
70
A polarized neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.
F
71
Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.
F
72
1. One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.
F
73
The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine functions of the pituitary gland.
T
74
1. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.T
T
75
1. The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.
T
76
1. There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra.
T
77
1. The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve pair that contains sensory fibers. Answer:F
F
78
1. Cranial nerve XI is the accessory nerve; it controls tongue movement.
F
79
1. There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves. Answer:F
F
80
Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve plexuses.
T
81
1. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.
T
82
1. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems operate with a chain of two motor neurons.
T
83
1. The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
T
84
The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is circulatory system problems
T
85
1. List and explain the three general functions of the nervous system
Sensory Input - Receptors within and near body surface, Respond to stimuli,
Send nerve impulses to CNS
Integration - CNS receives, processes, and interprets sensory input
Decides what to do with it.
Motor Output - CNS sends out nerve impulses to effector organs (muscles and glands) in response to sensory input.
86
1. List and describe the two principal divisions of the peripheral nervous system and their subdivisions.
The nervous system consists of two major parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of your brain and spinal cord. This is closely connected to the peripheral nervous system, which includes all of the nerves that extend to every part of your body. When stimuli affect a nerve, the signal is sent through that nerve to the spinal cord and up to the brain. The brain processes this information and then sends a signal back the other way.
87
1. Explain the difference between a polarized neuron and a depolarized neuron.
The membrane of a cell (e.g. a neuron) is polarized (negative inside). Depolarizing is when the membrane potential moves toward zero. Repolarizing is when it moves back negative after depolarization. ... “Repolarizing” is the same thing in the opposite direction.
88
1. Describe how the nerve plexus and ramus are related.
A ramus is a branch of a spinal nerve into a dorsal and a ventral portion. Each ramus contains both sensory and motor neurons. A nerve plexus is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves.
89
1.
1. An 18-wheeler just nearly missed hitting Sam head-on while driving. Exasperated, he pulls over to the side of the road with his heart pounding. Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is taking control right now? What other symptoms do you think he is experiencing
Sympathetic; other symptoms include: sweating, increased heart rate, increased breathing (panting) etc.
90
1. How does a transient ischemic attack (TIA) differ from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke)?
If the
symptoms are temporary without permanent brain damage, the event is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Rupture of an artery with bleeding into the brain (hemorrhage) is called a CVA, too. Strokes and TIAs are rated based on the underlying cause. ... A TIA will not show on a scan.
91
1. List and describe the protective structures found in the CNS.
The CNS is protected by the cranium, vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain. The spinal cord and the brainstem are joined at the base of the cranium at the foramen magnum.
92
1. Describe the cells that form myelin sheaths in the CNS and PNS.
The myelin sheath is a greatly extended and modified plasma membrane wrapped around the nerve axon in a spiral fashion [1]. The myelin membranes originate from and are a part of the Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the oligodendroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)
