Nervous system

Question 1

what produces myelin in the CNS

Answer 1

oligodendrocytes

Question 2

what produces myelin in the PNS

Answer 2

schwann cells

Question 3

when does depolarization occur

Answer 3

when Na+ channels open and Na+ influx into the neuron occurs

Question 4

when do K+ channels open

Answer 4

when the cell reaches +35 mV

Question 5

what happens when K+ channels open

Answer 5

repolarization

Question 6

how does hyper-polarization happen

Answer 6

opening and closing of the K+ channels can be slow

Question 7

what is the refractory period and when does it occur

Answer 7

a period of time after the action potential in which new action potentials are very hard to initiate, occurs during hyperpolarization

Question 8

is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated

Answer 8

myelinated

Question 9

is grey matter myelinated or unmyelinated

Answer 9

unmyelinated

Question 10

what type of neurons are neurons that carry sensory information

Answer 10

afferent neurons

Question 11

what direction to afferent neurons travel

Answer 11

from external environment to the spinal cord or brain

Question 12

what direction to efferent neurons travel

Answer 12

from the brain or spinal cord to various parts of the body

Question 13

what type of neurons are efferent neurons

Answer 13

motor neurons

Question 14

what are the neuroglia in the CNS

Answer 14

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Question 15

what are the neuroglia in the PNS

Answer 15

satellite cells, schwann cells

Question 16

what do astrocytes do

Answer 16

maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, regulate nutrient and gas concentrations, degrade NTs

Question 17

what do microglia do

Answer 17

remove cellular debris

Question 18

what do ependymal cells do

Answer 18

line the brain ventricles and aid in the production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebral spinal fluid

Question 19

what do satellite cells do

Answer 19

surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

Question 20

what is another name for the forebrain

Answer 20

prosencephalon

Question 21

what does the forebrain consist of

Answer 21

telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 22

what does the telencephalon contain

Answer 22

the cerebral cortex and the olfactory bulb

Question 23

what does the cerebral cortex do

Answer 23

processes and integrates sensory input and memory responses, also important for memory and creative thought

Question 24

what does the olfactory bulb do

Answer 24

it is the center for reception and integration of smell

Question 25

what does the diencephalon contain

Answer 25

the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 26

what does the thalamus do

Answer 26

it is a relay and integrate center for the spinal cord and cereal cortex

Question 27

what does the hypothalamus do

Answer 27

controls visceral functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive water balance, blood pressure, and temperature regulation, also plays important role in the endocrine system

Question 28

what is another name for the midbrain

Answer 28

mesencephalon

Question 29

what does the midbrain do

Answer 29

it is a relay center for visual and auditory impulses, also plays a role in motor control

Question 30

what is another name for the hindbrain

Answer 30

rhombencephalon

Question 31

what does the hindbrain consist of

Answer 31

the pons, the medulla, and the cerebellum

Question 32

what does the cerebellum do

Answer 32

modulates motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex and is important in the maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination and the timing of rapid movements

Question 33

what does the pons do

Answer 33

acts as a relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

Question 34

what does the medulla do

Answer 34

controls breathing, heart rate, and GI activity

Question 35

what does the outer white matter of the spinal cord contain

Answer 35

motor and sensory axons

Question 36

what does the inner grey matter of the spinal cord contain

Answer 36

nerve cell bodies

Question 37

where does sensory information enter the spinal cord

Answer 37

through the dorsal horn

Question 38

where does motor information exit the spinal cord

Answer 38

through the ventral horn

Question 39

what is the primary neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

norepinephrine

Question 40

what is the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 40

acetylcholine

Question 41

what does the choroid layer of the eye do

Answer 41

supplies the retina with blood , it also reduced reflection in the eye

Question 42

what does the cornea of the eye do

Answer 42

bends and focuses light rays

Question 43

what is the central section of the retina called

Answer 43

the macula

Question 44

what is the central section of the macula called

Answer 44

the fovea

Question 45

does the fovea contain rods or cones

Answer 45

cones only

Question 46

what is the visual pathway

Answer 46

photoreceptor cells synapse on bipolar cells which synapse on ganglion cells which form the optic nerve which transmits visual information to the brain

Question 47

what is myopia

Answer 47

nearsightedness, occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina

Question 48

what is hyperopia

Answer 48

farsightedness, occurs when the image is focused behind the retina

Question 49

what is astigmatism caused by

Answer 49

an irregular shaped cornea

Question 50

what is glaucoma

Answer 50

an increase in the pressure of the eye because of blocking of the outflow of the aqueous humor which results in optic nerve damage

Question 51

what are the 3 bones of the middle ear

Answer 51

malleus, incus, and stapes

Question 52

what does the inner ear consist of

Answer 52

cochlea and vestibule