Nervous System Flashcards by Julie Jackson

Nervous system is made up of?

.Brain

.Spinal cord

.Nerves

These inform and warn the body of environmental changes, sensations, pain and danger and initiates responses to stimuli.

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Nervous system parts?

.The central nervous system - brain and spinal cord.

.The peripheral nervous system - acts as the linea of communication between the CNS and the rest of the body.

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The brain is?

.The main unit and it is connected to the rest of the body by nerve cells which function as messengers, carrying information to and instructions from the brain.

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Homeostasis definition?

.A stable, physiological state.

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Nervous system made of?

.Nervous tissue which is composed of nerve cells (neurons) and neuroglia a connective tissue which supports the neurons but does not transmit nerve impulses.

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Nerve cell (neuron) parts?

.Cell body - centre of the neurons, with a nucleus cytoplasm and organelles.

.Denrons - formed from dendrites and transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body.

.Axon - transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body.

.Myelin sheath - covers the axon and insulates it.

.Neurilemma - a membrane which surrounds the myelin sheath and helps regenerate nerve cells.

.Nodes of Ranvier - They speed up the nerve impulses and give the axon nutrients and oxygen.

.Axon terminals or hillock - the ends of the fibrils pass on the axon impulse to the dendrites of the next neurone.

.Synaptic endings - transmit nerve messages to next dendrites of the next neuron.

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Nerve cell (neurone)?

.They transmit and recieve impulses throughout the body. The axon terminal/ end feet of one cell are close to the dendrites of the next but they don’t touch the nerve impulses jump across the gap via neurotransmitters.

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Neurotransmitters are?

.Chemicals release by the nerve endings to transfer the nerve impulse from the previous nerve to the next one with the help of synapses. e.g. acetylcholine, adrenaline, serotonin and dopamine.

.This will only occur properly if calcium ions are present.

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Types of nerves?

.Motor (efferent) - carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands.

.Sensory (afferent) - carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain.

.Mixed - carry both motor and sensory nerve fibres. Only in the CNS.

.White matter - only in CNS.

.Grey matter - only in CNS.

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Afferent?

.Arrive in the brain from the body.

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Efferent?

.Exiting the brain to the body.

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Depolarisation?

.Depolarisation is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.

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Repolarisation?

.Repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value.

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Synapse?

.The synapse is so important for the nervous tissue because it transports the electrical signals from neuron to neuron.

.A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) parts?

.Somatic nervous system

.Autonomic nervous system

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The cerebrum functions?

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres.

.Controlling voluntary movement

.Interpreting and perceiving pain and temperature

.Controlling mental activity

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The cerebellum functions?

.Co-ordinating muscular activity

.Maintains balance and coordination.

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Hypothalamus functions?

.Helps regulation of body temperature, water balance and metabolism.

.Centre for emotions e.g. pleasure.

.Regulates the pituitary gland.

.Secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone ADH for the pituitary gland.

Pituitary gland function?

.It is referred to as the body’s ‘mastergland’’ because it controls the activity of most other hormone-secretingglands.

The brain steam?

.Midbrain - transmitting messages.

.Pons Varolii - transmitting messages.

.Medulla Oblongata - controls the actions of the heart, blood vessels, lungs and the reflexes e.g. vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing.

The spinal cord functions?

.The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata and ends sixth lumbar vertebra.

.It carries motor and and sensory nerves to and from the brain.

The meninges function?

.The meninges are protective membranes which covers the brain and spinal cord.

Ventricles?

.Ventricles are the four cavities inside the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal fluid function?

.It is secreted by blood capillaries.

.Protects the brain and spinal cord by acting as a shock absorber.

.Keeps the pressure around the brain and spinal cord constant.

.Transports nutrients and removes waste and toxic substances.

5th Trigeminal?

5th Trigeminal? .Sensory and motor nerves of the face.

7th Facial?

7th Facial? .Motor and sensory nerves of the face and tongue.

11th Accessory?

11th Accessory? .Nerves in the head and spine.

Spinal nerves?

Spinal nerves? .They are mixed nerves and begin in the spinal cord and cover all the vertebrae.

The cervical plexus?

The cervical plexus? .The cervical plexus are nerves in the upper cervical vertebrae that supply the muscles of the neck, shoulder and skin.

The brachial plexus?

The brachial plexus? .The brachial plexus are a group of nerves in the lower cervical vertebrae. It supplies the muscles of the neck to the fingertips and skin.

The thoracic (intercostal) nerves?

The thoracic (intercostal) nerves? .Nerves that supply the chest muscles and the main part of the abdominal wall.

The lumboscral plexus?

The lumbosacral plexus? .The lumbosacral plexus are nerves in some of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae. .They supply the skin and muscles of the lower abdomen, thighs and pelvic area e.g. (sciatic nerve)

The coccygeal plexus?

The coccygeal plexus? .The coccygeal plexus suppliee the muscle and skin of the pelvic area e.g. anus

The somatic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system? .The somatic nervous system conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibres.

The autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system? .Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. .The autonomic nervous system conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac and smooth muscles and glandular tissue.

Sympathetic?

Sympathetic? .Sympathetic nerves prepares the body for stressful situations such as excitement e.g. increases heart rate

Parasympathetic?

Parasympathetic? .Parasympathetic nerves that keeps the normal body functions when the body is at rest e.g. slows heart rate.

Brain sections?

Brain sections? .Forebrain - cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. .Mindbrain - pathway for fibres from hind brain to forebrain. .Hindbrain - cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

Unconditional relex?

Unconditional relex? .Unconscious response to dangerous stimuli e.g. heat and sharp objects. .Will occur even if spinal cord has been severed.

Conditional reflex?

Conditional reflex? .Conscious response to stimuli e.g. sound of food, clickers, toilet training. .Conscious response indicates the spinal cord is intact.

Nervous & endocrine systems?

Nervous & endocrine systems? .These two are integrated and completely reliant on each other. .The nervous system affects the endocrine system which coordinates the chemical reactions in the body.

Gamma?

Gamma? .Aminobutyric acid (GABA) - the principal inhibitory transmitter.

Dendrites?

Dendrites? .Their purpose is to move impulses toward the cell body.

Myelin sheath?

Myelin sheath? Protects the axon with an insulating layer and to maintains the health electrical signal.