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Anatomy and physiology book > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney contains?

A

The kidney contains?

.Medulla - on the inside

.Cortex - on the outside

.Renal pyramid

.Renal artery

.Renal vein

.Renal pelvis

.Calyces

.Ureter

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2
Q

Blood goes into the kidneys to?

A

Blood goes into the kidneys to?

.To be filtered of toxic substances before re-circulating.

.Renal artery divides into several interlobar arteries.

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3
Q

Nephrons?

A

Nephrons?

The kidney’s tissues that are responsible for the filtration of blood and the production of urine.

Parts:

.Bowmans/glomerular capsule - contain a network of blood capillaries called the glomerulus.

.Proximal convoluted tubules

.Loop of henle

.Distal convoluted tubules

.Collecting duct - final adjustments to the volume of water in the urine.

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4
Q

Kidney function?

A

Kidney function?

.Filters blood

.Reabsorbed useful materials needed by the body.

.Forms urine and puts nitrogentic waste in it.

.Regulate the volume and osmotic concentration of the body fluids e.g. maintain homeostasis.

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5
Q

Renal pelvis?

A

Renal pelvis?

.Connects the medulla to the ureter.

.Collects urine from the tubules in the medulla and passes it into the ureter.

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6
Q

Bladder function?

A

Bladder function?

.Reservoir for urine.

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7
Q

Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule of the nephron?

A

Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule of the nephron?

.Contains the glomerulus that filters fluid from the blood into the capsular lumen creating glomerular filtrate.

.Ultrafiltration - blood passes over the glomerulus. Water and very small particles are removed but RBCs, plasma proteins ect are not and this fluid is called the glomerular filtrate.

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8
Q

Convoluted tubules of the nephron?

A

Convoluted tubules of the nephron?

.Proximal convoluted tubules - reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride and glucose into the blood. Secretion of toxins and certain drugs e.g. penicillin.

.Distal convoluted tubules - reabsorption of sodium and regulation of acid/base balance of the blood by excretion of hydrogen ions.

.After this the nephron straightens out into a tube in the medulla.

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9
Q

Urine composed is of?

A

Urine composed is of?

.96% water

.2% urea

.2% salts

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10
Q

Glomerular filtrate?

A

Glomerular filtrate?

.Is the fluid in the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

. It has been filtered from the capillaries of theglomerulus.

.As it passes down the nephron it is modified so important substances are reabsorbed and not lost in the urine.

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11
Q

Urinary system functions?

A

Urinary system functions?

.Osmoregulation - regulate the chemical composition and volume of the body fluids.

.Excretion - remove nitrogenous waste products and excess water from the body.

.Act as an endocrine gland by the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin.

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12
Q

Kidney hilus?

A

Kidney hilus?

.The point where blood vessels, nerves and the ureters enter and leave the kidney.

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13
Q

Renal failure?

A

Renal failure?

.Acute - kidneys become swollen and painful to palpate.

.Chronic - kidneys become shrunken, hard and are not painful when palpated.

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14
Q

Glomerulus?

A

Glomeruli?

.Capillaries networks that supply an individual nephron.

.Glomerular filtrate - the glomerulus receives fluid and small molecules from the blood.

.Ultrafiltraion - RBCs, plasma proteins and hormones are not taken from the blood in the glomerulus.

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15
Q

Reabsorption?

A

Reabsorption?

.Passage of a substance from the lumen of the renal tubules into the renal capillaries and back into the circulation.

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16
Q

Secretion?

A

Secretion?

.Passage of chemical substances from the renal capillaries into the lumen of the tubules and out of the body in the urine.

17
Q

Loop of henle?

A

Loop of henle?

.Water is reabsorbed into the blood.

.Dehydrated more water is absorbed.

.Over hydrated more water is lost in the filtrate.

.Descending loop of henle - walls are permeable to water but no NA+.

.Ascending loop of henle - walls are permeable to NA+ but not to water.

18
Q

Diuretics?

A

Diuretics?

.Drugs used to reduce the volume of fluid in the body by increasing the volume of urine produced e.g. furosemide.

.Furosemide - a loop diuretic that acts on the loops of henle. It prevents reabsorption of Na+ so water is not reabsorbed into the blood and remains in the urine.

19
Q

Osmoregulation?

A

Osmoregulation?

.Monitors the osmotic pressure of plasma by controling the amount of water and salt lost from the body.

.Affects the thirst centre of the brain when dehydrated.

.Influence the secretion of ADH when dehydrated.

20
Q

Dehydration?

A

Dehydration?

.The total volume of ECF falls.

.Lowered blood pressure.

.Rise in osmotic pressure.

.Osmoregulatory starts to work and stimulate the thirst centre of the brain.

.ADH will be released to increase the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

21
Q

Urethra?

A

Urethra?

.Female cat and dog- short tube opening into the vagina at the external urethral orifice.

Male dog - three openings into the urethra. One prostate gland and two vas deferens/ deferent ducts openings. Has the penile urethra lying outside the pelvic cavity.

Male cat - three openings into the urethra. One prostate gland and two vas deferens/ deferent ducts openings. Has the (preprostatic urethra) not in the dog. No penile urethra lying outside the pelvic cavity.

22
Q

Micturition/ mitrate?

A

Micturition/ mitrate?

.Expelling urine from the bladder.

.Kittens and puppies not fully developed until about 10 weeks old.

23
Q

Dog urine values?

A

Dog urine values?

.50ml/kg/day

.Clear or yellow

.pH 5-7

.Specific gravity SG = 1.016 - 1.060

24
Q

Cat urine values?

A

Cat urine values?

.50ml/kg/day

.Clear or yellow

.pH 6.2 - 6.4

.Specific gravity SG = 1.020 - 1.040

25
Q

Urolithiasis?

A

Urolithiasis?

.Urinary tract stones formed from minerals called calculi/ uroliths.

26
Q

Feline lower urinary tract disease?

A

Feline lower urinary tract disease?

.Is a group of conditions and most cause inflammation of the lower urinary tract.

.They should drink more water.

.Signs - dysuria, urination incontinence and haematuria.

27
Q

Urea?

A

Urea?

.Is a nitrogenous waste product formed by the liver from the breakdown of amino acids.

.It is carried in the plasma to the kidneys, where it is excreted in the urine.

28
Q

Types of waste excreted?

A

Types of waste excreted?

.Urea - mammals

.Uric acid - reptiles

Anatomy and physiology book (14 decks)

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