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Nervous System 💘 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic vs visceral

A

Somatic is voluntary control (PNS)

Visceral is involuntary control (PNS &CNS)

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2
Q

Cell bodies and axons

A

Found in grey matter (cns) and form connections with ganglia (pns)
Axons found in tracts within white matter (cns) bungle together to form nerves (PNS)

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3
Q

Main sulci and gyri

A

The central sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes a lateral fissure separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe
anterior to central sulcus is precentral gyrus which is motor cortex
posterion is postcentral gyrus which is sensory cortex

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4
Q

Plexus formation

A 
Rootless 
Root
Spinal nerve
Rami ramus
Plexus
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5
Q

Dermatomes and myatomes

A

Derma is area of skin supplied by nerves

Myo is muscles

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6
Q

Lesion

A

A region in an organ or tissue which had suffered damage through injury or disease

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7
Q

Neurulation

A

Notochord induces differentiation of overlying ectoderm forming nerurectoderm and neural plate
Proliferation and somite formation from paraxial mesoderm
Neural plate then folds over and closes forming neural tube
Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus

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8
Q

Neurulation pt2

A

Somite zips up and there’s caudal and cranial neuropore
Cranial close on day 25 and become laminate terminalis
Causal closes day 27
Rostral becomes brain
Causal becomes spinal cord
Lumen becomes ventricular system of cns

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9
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Forebrain prosenCephalon midbrain mesenCephalon hindbrain rhombencephalon for brain splits into telencephalon > cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon becomes the thalami
Mesencephalon becomes midbrain
hindbrain becomes metencephalon which becomes pons and Cerebellum
Myelencephalon beckmes medulla
So 5 secondary vesicles

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10
Q

The cavities and what they form

A

Central hemisphere> lateral ventricles
Thalami etc >third ventricle
Midbrain >cerebral aqueduct
Pons and cerebellum >superior part of fourth ventricle medulla is inferior part

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11
Q

Spinal cord formation

A

Neural tube thickens
Three zones matrix mantle and marginal
Matrix zone produces pluripotent epithelial cells
Neuroblasts surrounding this layer is mantle zone (future grey matter)
Neuroblast axons project to marginal zone (future white matter)

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12
Q

Spinal cord formation pt2

A

Sulcus limitans separates alar and basal plates
Alar plate does doros lateral thickening,sensory function,receives axons from dorsal root ganglion and becomes dorsal horn
Basal plate does ventrolateral thickening, motor function, motor neuroblasts of ventral and lateral horns and becomes central horn
Autonomic zone between two plates

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13
Q

Cranial nerve development

A

Neural crest cells differentiate from neurectoderm
Migrate through embryo
Further differentiate into pharyngeal arch connective tissue bones of neurocranium etc

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14
Q

Nerves of pharyngeal arches

A

1=trigeminal
2=facial
3=glossopharyngeal
4 and 6 is vagus nerve

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15
Q

Resting state

A

-70mv

Voltage gated na+ and k+ channels are closed

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16
Q

Depolarizing state

A

-55mv
Threshold at axon hillock
Voltage gated na channels open so na flows in cell

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17
Q

Repolarisation

A

Absolute refractory period
40mv
K+ channels open so k flows out
Inactivation na gate closes

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18
Q

After hyperopolarizatjon

A

Relative refractory period
-80mv
K channels stay open and na channels still closed

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19
Q

Conduction in unmyelimated Axon

A

Sodium enters axon Hillock locally depolarizes adjacent regions opening more sodium channels causing action potential. Previous gates closed so current only flows in one direction

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20
Q

Conduction in myelinated axon

A

Sodium enters axon hillock depolarizes Myelin sheath insulates preventing ion leakage
sodium and potassium channels concentrated only at notes of Ranvier they refresh action potential causing it to jump from one oat to another and this is called saltatory conduction

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21
Q

Resting potential and why

A

-70mv
Outside of cell more positive inside more negative
Due to low negative protein permeability
Sodium potassium pump (3na out 2k in)
And high potassium permeability so passive transport and also k leak channels

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22
Q

Axon conduction velocity depends on

A

Axon diameter and myelination
Unmyelinated better for small axons velocity is square root diameter
Myelinated better for larger diameter as velocity is linear with diameter

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23
Q

Carbamazepine effect

A

Prolongs inactive state of na channel and absolute refractory period

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24
Q

tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation

A

Affects cortical excitability

anodal and cathodal

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25
Tetrodoxin effect
Sodium channel blocker
26
An aesthetic
Block voltage gated sodium channels Esters more commonly used Affects small diameter neurons
27
Primary afferent fivres
Large diameter Rapidly conducting Alpha and beta fibres Low threshold mechanoreceptors eg touch Small diamete are slow conduction Alpha delta and c fibres Associated with nociceptors and thermoreceptors (polymodal is c rest is other )
28
Layer of meninges
Dura mater arachnoid mater and pia mater | Cerebrospinal fluid runs in su arachnoid space
29
Ventral white commissure
Bundle of fibres that cross midline of spinal cord
30
Funiculi
Bundle of tracts (axons) within white matter of spinal cord
31
Ipsilateral and contralateral
Same side of body | Opposite side of body
32
Dorsal column pathway
Senses discriminative touch Primary neuron: sensory receptors > gracile or cuneate nucleus in medulla Secondary neuron:medulla >decussate to form the medial lemniscus pathway >thalamus Tertiary neuron: thalamus>somatosensory cortex
33
Spinothalamic tract
Crude touch First neuron: sensory receptors >rise one to two segments in dorsolateral fasiculus Second neuron : df> decussate to contra lateral ventrolateral fasiculus> thalamus Third neuron: thalamus > somatosensory cortex
34
Dorsal and spino difference
Lemniscal decussation in medulla | Spinothalamic at every spinal level
35
Dorsolateral and ventromedial supplies
Dorsal is distal muscles elbow and knee down | Ventrolateral supplies elbows and knees up and trunk muscles and controls posture and movement correction
36
Ventromedial pathways
Reticulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract
37
Dorsolateral pathways
Rubrospinal tract | Corticospinal tract
38
Reticulospinal tract
Primary neurons arise from pons and medullary reticular formation Remain ipsilateral and polysegmental Synapse with LMN in medial aspect of ventral horn.
39
Tectospinal tract
Primary neurons arise from superior colliculi Desiccate in midbrain synapse with the lower motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord
40
Vestibulospinal tract
Primary neurons arise from vestibular nuclei Remains ipsilateral medial Stops at cervical Lateral at all spinal segments Synapse with lmn in medial aspect of ventral horn
41
Runrospinal tract
Originates in red nucleus of midbrain and dessucates in midbrain
42
Corticospinal tracts
Primary neurons arise from primary motor pre motor and sensory cortex Most drssucate below pyramids rest ipsilateral Synapse with lmn in ventral horn at all spinal segments
43
Stretch reflex
Single synapses between muscle sensory fibre and alpha motor neuron sensory fibre activation quickly activates the alpha motor neuron contracting muscle fibres
44
Muscle neurons
Muscle spindle runs parallel with muscle la sensory neurons and Y motor neuron innervates the muscle fibres Stretching muscle spindle causes increase in la afferebt activity Gamma Y neuron accommodates length of muscle
45
Knee jerk reflex
Tap patella tendon Activates la muscle spindle causing (intrafusal muscle detect the signal) (Extrafusal contract) impulses to travel to spinal cord release ach and cause contraction
46
Stretch reflex
When agonist contracts antagonist muscle inhibited so relaxed
47
Inverse stretch reflex
Golgi tendon had lb afferent and sends sensory info to spinal cord in dorsal horn Synapses with inhibitory inter neuron which inhibits alpha motor neuron relaxing muscle
48
Umn lesions
Muscle weakness Increased tone Exaggerated reflexes Babinski sign
49
Lmn lesions
``` Muscle weakness Reduces tone Absent reflexes Muscle atrophy Muscle fasiculation ```
50
Cerebellum
Coordinates ongoing movements Detects motor error Stores learned movements Improve accuracy of movement
51
Basal ganglia
Selection/initiation of voluntary movements | Improve accuracy of movement
52
Cerebellum divisions
Cerebrocerbellum (inputs from cerebral cortex) regulates high skill movement Spinocerebellum (inputs from spinal cord) lateral part for distal muscle movement central part (vermis) for proximal muscle movement Vestibulocerebellum (inputs from vestibular nuclei) includes nodulus and floculus involved in movements underlying posture and balance
53
Peduncles and the pathway
Superior is efferent Middle is afferent Inferior is both
54
Motor and sensory sides
Motor is from opposite side sensory is same side
55
The nuclei in cerebellar divisions
Cerebro is dentate nucleus Spinal is interposed and fastigal Vestibulo is fastigal or direct nucleus
56
Deep cerebellar nuclei
Major output structures | Relay info to motor cortex and brainstem for corrections in movement
57
Direct pathway
Globulus pallidus inhibits thalamus reducing excitation of motor cortex command from cerebral cortex excite straitum inhibits GP allow thalamus to excite motor cortex initiating movement substantia nigra facilitatesdirect pathway via D1 receptors in striatum
58
Indirect pathway
Excite striatum Inhibits gp external Subthalamic nucleus inhibited so excites gp internal which inhibits the thalamus Less excitation of motor cortex inhibiting movement SN directs pathway via d2 receptors in striatum
59
Parkinson’s disease
Degeneration of neurons is substantia nigra that project to striatum Decrease on dopamine Decreased direct and increased indirect pathway Treated with l dopa and dopamine agonists
60
TRAP Parkinson’s
Tremor Rigidity Akinesia ( reduced movement) Postural problems
61
Spinocerebellar pathway
Travels from lateral spinal cord to cerebellum Primary neuron from muscle/joint receptors Synapses in dorsal horn with secondary neuron ascends ipsilaterally and enters cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle For unconscious proprioception and coordination of movements
62
Dentatothalamic pathway
Travel from dentate nucleus in the cerebellum to the thalamus while providing collateral branches to the red nucleus Fibres terminate in cortex Cordinates and controls movement while communicating with motor cortex
63
Disruption to arterial cerebral supply
Anterior cerebral: contra lateral limb weakness eg paralysis Contralateral sensory deficit Lower limbs impacted more than upper Middle: as above but sensory LOSS and lower limbs affected more Posterior: contralateral problems with vision severe blockages may cause hemiparesis and sensory deficits
64
Blood supply to brain
Internal carotid gives off a middle anterior and posterior cerebral artery Posterior communicating joins them together Middle cerebral supplies lateral sides anterior supplies medial and superior posterior supplies posterior
65
Sinuses in brain
``` Sinuses drain into internal jugular vein Posteriorly: Superior and inferior Sagittal sinus Straight sinus A confluence of sinuses Transverse and sigmoid sinus Anywriorly there is Superior and inferior petrosal and covernous ```
66
Lesion in primary motor cortex
Contralateral flaccid paralysis Partial recovery Babinskis
67
Supplementary motor cortex lesion
Contralateral splasticity and deep tendon reflexes
68
Lesion in frontal eye field
Difficulty moving eyes to opposite side
69
Primary and secondary somato sensory cortex lesion
Lose touch pressure and proprioception in secondary area there is decreased pain
70
Supranational gyrus lesion
Tactile and proprioceptive Agnosia | Decreased left right discrimination contralateral hemi- neglect and apraxia
71
Angular gyrus lesion
Dyslexia alexia agraphia
72
Motor dorsolateral pathways
Lateral corticospinal | Rubrospinal
73
Ventromedial pathways
Anterior corticospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Vestibulospinal
74
Conscious pathways sensory
DCP | Spinothalamic tract
75
Unconscious pathways
Spinocerebellar Spinotectal Spinoreticular Spino olivary
76
Climbing fibres
Inferior olive

Biology (39 decks)

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