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Biology > Sex And Reproduction 💘 > Flashcards

Sex And Reproduction 💘 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages of sex- arousal/ excitement

A

Raised bp pulse respiratory rate flushing nipple erect ion genital and pelvic vascular engorgement
Vagina lubrication vasocongestion of vaginal walls erection of clitoris and labia
Scrotum thickens and testes rise

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2
Q

Plateau

A

Period of excitement prior to orgasm
Increased hr bp muscle tension etc
Sense of impending orgasm can last up to three minutes
Females orgasmic platform, bartholin secretions
Makes urethral sphincter contracts to prevent urine mixing with Semen and retrograde ejaculation pre ejaculatory fluid (cowpers gland)

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3
Q

Orgasm

A

Conclusion of plateau release of sexual tension and endorphins quick cycles of muscle contractions euphoric sensation
Peak pr bp reap flush etc
Females 5-12 muscle contractions and increased vaginal secretions
Male ejaculate 3-6 contractions of muscles

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4
Q

Resolution

A

Relaxation make have compulsory refractory period
Pr bp falls drowsiness
Females blood vessels dilate pelvic organs drain cervix opens sand drops into vagina
Makes everything relaxes and testes drop

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5
Q

Effects of aging

A

Delayed erections less firm longer excitement stage more stimulation needed less ejaculation with less semen
Females reduced lubrications and muscle tension and libido may need hrt

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6
Q

Hypoactive

Sexual desire

A

Lifelong generalized is never having desire
Situational is no sexual interest in ur partner but want sexual stimulation
Acquired generalized is previously having sexual interest but not don’t

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7
Q

Vaginismus

A

Can’t achieve penetration due to muscle spasm
May be due to abuse anxiety pain and phobia
Need vagina trainers

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8
Q

Female anorgasmia

A

Delay/ abscence of orgasm

Unmet needs poor technique can be normal for them

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9
Q

Premature ejaculation

A

Performance anxiety
Usually younger men
Psychological and drug treatment

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10
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Due to drugs alcohol hiv etc

Treated with injections pellets prostheses pumps psychological pherapy

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11
Q

Make orgasmic disorder

A

Delay/ abscence of ejaculation sexual trauma hostility lack of trust
Psychological management

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12
Q

Gene that gives male characteristics

A

SRY box/gene

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13
Q

Gonad formation

A

Form from potential primordia and form either side of dorsal aorta Form from somatic tissue genital ridge primordia
These cells produce chemoattractant primordial germ cells from the allontois
PGCs migrate along hindgut and populate femoral ridge by week 6
Two mesenchymal knots at either side of aorta
Most pgcs at developing kidney region by day 30
Coelemic epithelia migrate as columns- primitive sex cords

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14
Q

Gonad differentiation

A

I’m males pgcs colonize medulla in females the cortex
So medulla develops into a testis and cortex degenerates in males
and in females the cortex develops into an ovary and medulla degenerates

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15
Q

Male and female cell differences

A

Males form leydig cells vascular tissue and myoid cells from which tubule of rete blastema and rete testis
Females form theca cells and vascular tissue
None of the cells in both sexes express sry
Mesonephric primordia

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16
Q

Pgcs in the sexes

A

Males : pgcs encase in sex cords and cease mitosis
Females : surrounded by granulosa and enter meiosis forming oocytes
Amh and androgen essential for male development

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17
Q

The ducts

A

Males wolffian duct develops into epididymis vas deferens and c and Müllerian ducts degenerate
In female Müllerian ducts develop into oviducts and uterus and wolffian duct degenerates

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18
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Unpaired X chromosome
has ovaries but infertile
Woman

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19
Q

Klinfelters syndrome

A

Extra sec chromosome
Xxy
Has testes but infertile
Man

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20
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Androgen secrets but no androgen receptors
Xy but phenotypically female and infertile
No internal genitalia testes present testosterone produced
However some become phenotypically male at puberty
Clitoris expands into penis and testes descend so function as normal males
As sometimes rising androgen levels can overcome tissue insensitivity

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21
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Xx fetal adrenals hyperactive yo overcome low production of corticosteroids
Both sec ducts retained so external male genitalia

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22
Q

Sry chain

A 
SRY
SOX9 inhibits fox12
PGD2->FGF9
AMH
SOX 9 is a transcription factor absence results in person having both ovaries and testes ovotestis
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23
Q

FOX12 becomes

A

Wnt4

Granulosa cell

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24
Q

First mitotic stage of oogenesis

A

Diplotene into germinal vesicles

They then reside as primary oocytes in the primary follicle and are surrounded by granulosa cells

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25
Folliculogenesis
Starts with primordial follicle which is a primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells and has supporting mesenchymal cells and surrounded by membrane propria Takes 70+ days to become primary follicle and wiki have zona pellucida Then preantral with multiple layers of granulosa Then early Antral which has antral cavity The mature follicle
26
Follivulogenesis order
``` Primordial follicle Primary follicle Preantral follicle Early antral follicle Nature follicle ```
27
Gnrh lh fsh action
Hypothalamus releases gnrh causing Anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH acts on theca interna which has LH receptors causing androgens to be made FSH acts on granulosa cells and androgen aromatase is made
28
Androgens get converted into
Androgen aromatase which converts into oestrogen Increase in plasma estrogen inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary secreting further Androgen also produces amh to increase growth of granulosa cells Increase estrogen levels causes granulosa cells to also express lh receptors and anterior pituitary secretion increased so lh levels increase and acts on both cells to trigger ovulation
29
At lh surge
Oocytes resume meiosis and go through a division called nuclear maturation Secondary meiosis begins and oocytes arrest at metaphase
30
Cytoplasmic maturation
Cytoplasm reorganized Mitochondria and cortical granules relocate to periphery Associated granulosa cells called cumulus go under expansion
31
Ovulation
Day 14 Outer walls swell rapidly stigma forms viscous fluid oozes Stigma ruptures viscous fluid envaginates carrying ovum and mass of granulosa cells Lh acts on granulosa and theca converting them to produce progesterone Estrogen secretion begins to fall prior to ovulation whilst progesterone secretion rises
32
Uterine cycle stages
Menstrual phase -shedding of uterine lining Proliferative phase- endometrium and myometrium regrow and prepare for possible pregnancy Secretory phase- blood supply remodeled cervical secretions change. Supported by progesterone.
33
Secretory phase
blood supply remodeled cervical secretions change. Supported by progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum estrogen reduces proliferation progesterone causes swelling and secretion. Ready for implantation
34
Menopausal symptoms
``` Hot flushes Mebstrual irregularity Mood swings Fatigue Dry skin ```
35
Hormone replacement therapy
Can he given as pills patches creams | Oestrogen alone can cause endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma so usually prescribes with progesterone
36
Risks and benefits of hormone treatment
Benefits are relief of symptoms osteoporosis prevention protection against colon cancer and cardiac disease(younger) Risks include thrombosis uterine cancer breast cancer Alzheimer’s and cardiac disease (older)
37
Adrenal he
Adrenal development towards puberty
38
Thelarche
Breast development in puberty
39
Pubarche
Pubic hair development in puberty
40
Menarche
First menstrual period | The higher ur weight the quicker u get it
41
Menopause
Last menstrual bleed
42
Perimenopause
12 months before and after menopause
43
Postmenopause
Life after menopause
44
Climacteric
Life leading up to the last menstrual bleed
45
Precocious puberty
Getting period below age of nine | Result of cerebral tumors congenital adrenal hyperplasia ovarian tumors or drugs
46
Delayed puberty
Getting period above age of 16 | Can be due to athleticness congenital abnormalities or chromosome abnormalities
47
Which part of the penis fills with blood during an erection
Corpus cavernosum
48
Layers of uterine lining
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
49
Most common site of carcinoma in prostate
Peripheral zone
50
Which hormone causes musculation of embryo
Anti Müllerian hormone causes regression of Müllerian ducts
51
First stage of spermatogenesis
5 mitotic divisions Spermatogonium type a1 becomes a2 a2 divides into a3 then into a4 then into intermediate spermatogonium then into type b then the testing primary spermatocyte
52
After sperm mitosis
Then undergoes meiosis after entering that adluminal compartment primary spermatocyte produces secondary spermatocytes in meiosis one, then undergoes meiosis to producing early spermatids
53
Spermiogenesis
Early spermatids> late spermatids> spermatozoa Spermatids change from round to elongated. Golgi apparatus gives rise to granules which form the acrosome vesical which grows over the nuclear surface like a cap . The centrioles lie at the opposite end
54
The centrioles lie at apposite end then what
Pole of spermatid and form the distal centriole and microtubule flagellum forms. Proximal centriole forms neck which joins to tail and head. Nucleus and acrosome Move to membrane causing elongation and the chromatin condenses. Superfluous nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm is lost. The mitochondria is moved to surround the mid-piece of the flagellum and as sperm is hatched excess cytoplasm is pinched off
55
Oligozoospermia
Low sperm count
56
Aspermia
Complete absence of sperm retrograde ejaculation
57
Azoospermia
No sperm due to genetic, chemo, or dysfunction of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
58
Asthenozoospermia
Low motility
59
Teratospermia
Abnormal morphology | Eg globospermia- rounded heads- no acrosome
60
Male endocrinology
LH stimulates leydig cells which produce testosterone. Testosterone the negatively feedbacks on the hypothalamus reducing LH. FSH binds to receptors on Sertoli cells. Testosterone then rapidly enters the blood and lymph and is converted into dihydrotestosterone in sertoli cells and binds to androgen receptors which is essential for Sertoli cell function
61
Semen
Contains sperm fructose citric acid and inositosol prostaglandins and more
62
Enlarged prostate
Due to a benign prostate hyperplasia or prostate cancer. Can be treated with GNRH antagonist e.g. gaserelin in androgen receptor antagonist e.g. bicalutamide reductase inhibitor e.g. finasteride
63
Erection
Sensory stimulation occurs which causes nitrogen oxide to be converted into SGC which is a catalyst for the conversion of GTP to see GMP this causes vasodilation PDE5 makes it flaccid again by inhibiting CGMP which causes vasoconstriction . Too much PD5 can cause erectile dysfunction
64
Erectile dysfunction treatments
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors e.g. sildenafil E1 agonists e.g. alprostadil, dopamine receptor agonist e.g. apomorphine

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