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Pathology And Medicine > Nervous system and Diseases I > Flashcards

Nervous system and Diseases I Flashcards

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1
Q

Define neurological disorders

A

condition in the central/peripheral NS that affects its functioning

  • brain, spinal cord or nerves
  • structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities
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2
Q

Neurological disorders causes

A

genes

environment

bacterial or viral infection

traumatic injuries or accidents

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3
Q

How many known neurological disorders are there?

A

> 600

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4
Q

What are the four main categories of neurological disorders?

A

sudden onset

intermittent and unpredictable

progressive

stable with changing needs

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5
Q

Sudden onset examples

A

stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal injury, meningitis

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6
Q

Intermittent and Unpredictable Examples

A

epilepsy and migraine

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7
Q

Progressive Examples

A

parkinsons, dementia, motor neuron disease

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8
Q

Stable with changing needs examples

A

tourettes, narcolepsy, cerebral palsy

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9
Q

Rate of people with neurological disorders

A

1/6

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10
Q

What does mental health conditions cause?

A

significant distress or impairment of personal functioning

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11
Q

What is mental health conditions characterised by?

A

by a combination of abnormal thoughts, perceptions, emotions, mood, behaviour and relationships with others

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12
Q

Direct cost of mental health in Europe

A

all costs that are completely attribute to the use of a heath care intervention or illness

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13
Q

Direct medical cost of mental health in Europe

A
  • value of resources used in treatment , care and rehabilitation of a patient
  • medication
  • consumable eg. needles, cannulas
  • staff costs
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14
Q

Direct non-medical cost of mental health in Europe

A
  • transport
  • caregiver time
  • equipment maintance
  • insurance
  • heating and lighting
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15
Q

Indirect cost

A

value of economics resources lost because of disease-related disability or premature mortality

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16
Q

Economic burden of brain disorders

A

high

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17
Q

What does the central nervous system comprise of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Function of Nervous System

A

sensory - direct internal and external stimuli

integration - process information and make decisions

motor - effect an appropriate response

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19
Q

Neurons Structure

A
  • dendrites, cell body, axon
  • form complex networks
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20
Q

What do neurons do?

A
  • electrical excitability
    -> convert stimuli into an action potential

-> action potential propagates along the axon

  • most are unable to undergo mitotic divisions
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21
Q

Glial Cells - astrocytes

A

protoplasmic
- short branching processes found in grey matter

fibrous
- long unbranched processes found in white matter

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22
Q

Astrocytes protoplasmic

A

short branching processes found in grey matter

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23
Q

Astrocytes fibrous

A

long unbranched processes found in white matter

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

A subtype of glial cells that make up the majority of cells in the human central nervous system (CNS)

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25
What allows astrocytes to support neurons?
microfilament structure
26
What does Astrocytes do?
maintain appropriate chemical environment for generation of nerve impulses may play a role in learning and memory -> influence formation of neural synapses
27
Microglia
phagocytes remove cellular debris, microbes and damaged nervous tissue
28
Oligodendrocytes
form and maintain myeline sheath around CNS axon insulates axons and increase speed of nerve impulse condition
29
Myelin sheath
multilayered lipid and protein covering
30
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
tight junction - seal together endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries thick basement membrane that surrounds capillaries restricts access for substances in blood to enter brain
31
Blood brain barrier transport
- diffusion - facilitated transport - slow or no transport
32
BBB- diffusion
- lipid-soluble substance CO2, O2, steroid hormones, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine - water
33
BBB - facilitated transport
- a few water-soluble substance such as glucose
34
BBB- slow or no transport
- ions very slowly - proteins and most antibiotics do not cross BBB
35
What are the two protection mechanisms of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
mechanical protection chemical protection
36
Mechanical protection of CSF
shock-absorbing medium to protect brain and spinal cord
37
Chemical protection of CSF
optimal chemical environment for neuronal signalling (action potentials and postsynaptic potentials)
38
CSF Circualtion
allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and adjacent nervous tissues
39
Cerebrum
seat of intelligence - outer cerebral cortex - grey matter - cerebral white matter
40
What does the Cerebral Cortex Consist of?
Frontal lobes Temporal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes
41
Frontal Lobe
higher cognitive functions - decision-making, conscious thought, control of emotion and behaviour, language production
42
Temporal Lobe
memory, hearing, emotion and some aspects of language
43
Parietal Lobe
Intergrating sensory information and movement co-ordination
44
Occipital lobes
visual processing
45
What are the parts of the midbrain?
Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Substantia nigra
46
Superior colliculi
coordinate movements of head, eyes and trunk in response to visual stimuli
47
Inferior colliculi
coordinate movements of head, eyes and trunk in response to auditory stimuli
48
Substantia nigra
dopaminergic nucleus which has a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions
49
What are the parts of the basal ganglia?
deep cerebral nuclei
50
Basal ganglia function
motor function - initiation, coordination of movement, posture, tone cognition, precipitation and emotional behaviours - including reward system
51
Parts of the brainstem
Pons Medulla Oblongata
52
Pons
- relay signals from motor areas of cerebral cortex to cerebellum - respiratory regulations
53
Medulla Oblongata - Cardiovascular
regulates heart beat and blood vessel diameter
54
Medulla Oblongata - Respiratory
regulates breathing
55
Medulla Oblongata - Reticular formation
consciousness and arousal
56
Cerebellum
co-ordinates skilled movement regulates posture and balance evaluates how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out feedback to motor areas of cerebral cortex damage to cerebellum can result in ATAXIA loss of ability to coordinate muscular movement abnormal walking movement - altered speech
57
Hypothalamus
controls and integrates activities of autonomic nervous system hormone production eg. oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) regulates emotional and behavioural patterns feeding and satiety centres thirst centres suprachiamastic nuclei (SCN) Regulation of body temperature
58
Thalamus
relays sensory information to cerebral cortex
59
Role of Thalamus
motor function - transmits info from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor area or cerebral cortex role in maintain consciousness
60
What does the limbic system control?
emotion, behaviour, long-term memory and olfaction
61
What are the components of the limbic system?
cortical areas - limbic lobe - frontal and temporal subcortical areas - amygdala, hippocampus some thalamic nuclei some hypothalamic neclei
62
Why is the limbic system unique to mammals?
species preservation - reproduction, instinctive behaviour self-preservation - feeding behaviour, aggression expression of fear motivation emotions learning and memory
63
Dopamine
substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and hypothalamus excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory reward, addiction, motivation and motor control
64
Serotonin
inhibitory NT Role- mood, emotion, appetite and digestion Precursor to melatonin - sleep balances out excessive excitaroy NT effects
65
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric aicd primary inhibitory NT regulate anxiety, vision and motor control low levels can cause irritability and anxiety
66
Glutamate
most abundent NT in CNS excitatory NT cognitive functions, memory and learning
67
Adrenaline/Noradrenalin
excitatory NT - sympathetic nervous system hormone produced in adrenal glands stress réponse

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