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Pathology And Medicine > Nervous system diseases II > Flashcards

Nervous system diseases II Flashcards

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1
Q

Migraine characteristics

A

intense throbbing pain or pulsing sensation

usually on one side of the head

2-3 times more common in women than men

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1
Q

Migraine Symptoms

A

within aura

without aura

acute pain

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2
Q

Migraine Triggering Factors

A

bright or flashing light

lack of food

certain food or drink

tiredness

stress or menstruation

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3
Q

Causes of Migraine

A

unknown

  • dilation and contraction of blood vessel
  • change in serotonin signalling
  • genetic component
    -> ion channels - impact on nerve activity
    -> trigemina ganglion - mutations in the TRESK - potassium channel
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4
Q

Treatment of Migraine

A
  • triptan drugs - serotonin receptors agonist
  • anti-emetics
  • painkillers
  • lying in a dark room
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5
Q

Types of Anxiety

A

Generalised anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Phobia Related disorder

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6
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder symptoms

A

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

sweating tremblings

shortness of breath

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7
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

genetic and environmental factors

risk factors - family history

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8
Q

Anxiety disorder treatment

A
  • psychotherapy
  • anxiolytics
    -> antidepressants
    -> benzodiapamines
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9
Q

Depression causes

A

genetic predisposition

early life experiences

upsetting or stressful life events

gut microbiome

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10
Q

Depression pathopsyiology

A

alternations in monoaminergic neurotransmitter signalling

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11
Q

Depression treatment

A

antidepressant

psychotherapy

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12
Q

Types of antidepressant treatments

A
  • SSRIs
  • SNRIs
  • TCSs
  • MAOI
  • atypical agents
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13
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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14
Q

SNRI

A

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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15
Q

TCA

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

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16
Q

MAIO

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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17
Q

Characteristics of Psychosis

A

loss of contact with reality

3 stages of psychotic episode - prodromal, acute, recovery

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages of psychotic episode

A

prodromal

acute

recovery

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19
Q

Characterisitics of psychotic illness

A

Sz

Schizoaffective disorder

Paraphernalia

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20
Q

Psychosis Symptoms

A

3 main symptoms

  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • confused thought
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21
Q

Causes of psychotic episodes

A

underlying psychotic illness

co-morbid illnesses

triggers - depression, stress

early life experiences

alcohol and drug misuse

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22
Q

Pathophysiology of psychosis

Study These Flashcards
A

genetic
- anatomical
- neurotransmitter signalling - glutamate, GABA, dopamine

environmental

23
Q

Treatments of psychosis

Study These Flashcards
A

antipsychotics - inhibit dopaminergic transmission

psychological treatment eg. CBT

24
Tourette's syndrome characteristics
symptoms begin in childhood - 2-14 years old
25
Tourette's syndrome symptoms
tics - repeated, sudden movement, twitches or sound premonitory sensations - strong urge before a tic comorbidities eg, OCD, ADHD, Anxiety
26
Causes of Tourettes
complex disorder - genetic and environmental factors Abnormalities in basal ganglia, frontal lobe and cortex changes in serotonin and dopamine
27
Treatment for Tourettes
behavioural therapy - habit reversal training - exposure with response prevention medication - eg. respiridone (dopamine and histamine receptor antagonist)
28
Characteristists of traumatic brain injury
sudden injury or trauma caused to the brain blow, bump or jolt to the brain closed head injury
29
Symptoms of traumatic brain injury
loss of consciousness persistent headache repeated vomiting and nausea convulsions or seizures feeling tired blurred vision
30
Treatment for traumatic brain injury
acute medical care - blood flow, oxygen supply, surgery rehab - physical, occupational, speech therapy
31
Spinal Cord Injuries Causes
sudden trauma blow to the spine fracture or dislocation or compression of the vertebrae
32
What is complete spinal cord injury?
total lack of sensory and motor function below the level of injury
33
What is incomplete spinal cord injury?
potential to regain some function
34
Complications of spinal cord injuries
chronic pain respiratory infections bladder and bowel dysfunction fractures
35
Treatment of spinal cod injuries
rehab programs
36
CNS tumours characteristics
abnormal growths of tissue can place pressure on tissue and impair function
37
CNS tumours symptoms
brain tumour - headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting - behavioural and cognitive changes - motor and/or balance problems spinal cord tumour - pain, sensory alternations, motor problems
38
CNS tumour treatments
surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy
39
Epilepsy characteristics
excessive abnormal synchronised pattern or neuronal activity in the cortex
40
Symptoms of epilepsy
seizures - convulsive - non-convulsive - absence triggers for seizure eg. lack of sleep, stress, excessive alcohol
41
Causes of Epilepsy
genetic - ion channels, GPCR, enzymes, GABA acquired - eg. stroke, head injury, brain tumour, infection
42
Epilepsy Treatment
anti-epileptic drugs surgery vagus nerve stimulator deep brain stimulator implanted ketogenic diet
43
Characteritics of hydrocephalus
excessive accumulation of CSF pressure on brain
44
Causes of hydrocephalus
congenital - spina bifida or infection during pregnancy - X-linked hydrocephalus - arachnoid cytes - CSF flow restricted - brain damage when born
45
Hydrocephalus causes
acquired - head injury - brain tumour
46
Hydrocephalus symptoms
vomiting problems with balance and coordination sleepiness/lethargy, drowsiness changes in personality and cognition
47
Hydrocephalus treatment
surgery to drain excess fluid
48
Characteristics of multiple sclerosis
demyelinating condition
49
Causes of multiple sclerosis
thought to be an autoimmune disease immune system attacks the myelin sheath of neurons genetic and environmental factors - pervious infections
50
Multiple sclerosis symptoms
- progressive or relapsing remitting - relatively benign to disabling/devastating -> eg difficulty walking
51
Multiple sclerosis treatment
steroids for relapses disease modifying therapies
52
Narcolepsy Characteristics
- neurological disorder - first identified in dogs
53
Symptoms of Nacolepsy
excessive daytime sleepiness cataplexy direct transition from wakefulness to REM sleep
54
Causes of Narcolepsy
- loss of hypocretin/orexins - autoimmune diseases -> cells producing orexin -> orexin receptors - triggers - hormonal changes, psychological stress, infection
55
Treatment of Narcolepsy
stimulants SSRIs - surpress REM sleep Sodium oxybate - cataplexy

Pathology And Medicine (15 decks)

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